kin 217 - proton motive force chapter 21

unequal proton distribution

respirasome of pumping electrons results in what

complex V

what complex in the inner membrane uses the proton gradient to make ATP

F0

this component of ATP synthase is embedded in the inner mito membrane

F1

this component of ATP synthase will stick out into the mtio. matrix

proton channel

what does the F0 component have

active sites (for ATP)

what does the F1 component have

gamma subunit and external column

how are the F1 and F0 units connected

3 beta sununits

the gamma subunit interacts with _____ which is each an active site

alpha subunit

how do the beta subunits get separate

gamma unit spins

the protons flow through the F0 unit causing _____

changes shape

when the gamma unit spins what happen to the betas

dimers, cristae

ATP synthase units will form ______ to cluster together making the _______

stabilize rotational forces and inc efficiency

what does the clustering do in a mtio.

true

the beta subunits exist in 3 different conformations based on gamma subunit

t or f

O form (open)

nucleotides can bind or be released from the beta subunit in this state

L form (loose)

nucleotides are trapped in beta subunit in this state

T form

ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pi in this state

O state

when can ATP leave the beta subunit

actin arm

researchers cloned a f1 subunit and added what to see the movement the gamma subunit

ATP hydrolysis = counterclockwise spin

what did the researcher's F1 subunit use for rotation and what did it cause

true

subunit a on component F0 has two channels where one open to the matrix and the other the intermembrane space

true

8

how many c subunits are in vertebrates

glutamate/glutamic acid

___________/___________ residue at spot on c subunit is exposed to each half channel of subunit a

glutamic acid, no

protons binding to glutamate will make _____ with _______ charge

non polar fatty acyl

Subunit C has no charge so it can move to the _____________ region

proton gradient

what flowing into half channels dictates spin direction

high proton conc

this conc has a higher likelihood protons enter channel and mind to glutamate so it can move to hydrophobic membrane region

glutamic acid

at low conc, protons are less likely to enter ATP synthase and bind to glutamate, what is picked up in the intermembrane and pushed into aqueous matrix causing proton to leave

false

at a -ve charge subunit can still move into hydrophobic membrane and will not move forwards to intermembrane channel

t or f

3

how many protons are needed for ATP synthase to flow through and make ATP

8

how many protons are required for a spin of the beta subunits

3

how many ATP is made from the 3 protons that flowed in

false

ATP can cross from the matrix to cytosol

t or f

ATP-ADP translocase enzyme

this transporter can export ATP when coupled to ADP import

antiport (1 atp out, 1 ADP in)

what type of transporter is ATP-ADP translocase enzyme

Pi

what needs to be transported into the matrix along with ADP

phosphate carrier / OH- antiport

how does Pi enter the matrix

ATP synthasome

ATP synthase + ATP-ADP translocase + phosphate carrier = __________

3, 1 = 4

____ protons are needed to spin and ____ protons are needed for available substrate for ATP export, causing a total of ____ protons to make ATP for the cytoplasm

ETC

NADH from the TCA can be used by what

ETC

NADH from pyruvate dehydrogenase complex can be used by what

transporters to get to ETC

NADH from glycolysis can be used by what

glycerol-3 phosphate

this NADH shuttle is prominent in muscle and becomes FADH2 in the matrix

true

the glyercol-3-phosphate shuttle is independent of matrix NADH conc.

t or f

malate-aspartate shuttle

this NADH shuttle is prominent in liver and heart where NADH stays the same from cyto. to matrix

High NADH conc

the malate-aspartate shuttle can be inhibited by what

DHAP

the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle turns cytoplasmic NADH to what in order to make glycerol -3 phosphate

FAD

glycerol 3 phosphate will transfer energy to what

QH2

FADH2 will transfer it's energy to make what

6

what is net proton production from cytoplasmic NADH

oxaloacetate

cytoplasmic NADH transfers electrons to what in the malate-aspartate shuttle to make malate

alpha-ketoglutarate antiport

how does malate enter the matrix

oxaloacetate

malate transfers electrons to NAD+ in matrix to become

amine group

what is added to oxaloacetate to make glutamate

glutamate

oxaloacetate that turned to aspartate due to amine can leave matrix by antiport that brings _____ to the matrix

alpha-ketoglutarate

when amine leave glutamate it becomes ________ that can leave the matrix via malate antiport

true

amine exchange can be reversed in cytoplasm causing cytoplasmic oxaloacetate to regenerate and remaking glutamate again

t or f

10

for a pair of e- from NADH to O2 how many protons are moved out of the matrix

2.5

how many ATP per NADH is made

6

for a pair of e- from FADH2 how many protons are generated

1.5

how many ATP is made form FADH2

1.5

how many ATP is made from cytoplasmic NADH when using glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

2.5

how many ATP is made from cytoplasmic NADH when using malate aspartate shuttle

5 or 7

how much ATP is generated from the cytoplasm

25

how much ATP is made from the the mitochondrial matrix

30

what is total net ATP in the muscle

32

what is total net ATP in the heart or liver

ADP conc

how can we control oxidation phosphorylation

false

electrons flow from fuel to O2 even if there is no need or a need of make ATP

t or f

acceptor control

if ADP is low, it cannot make ATP therefore it is known as

heat

protons that flow through uncoupled proteins (UCP-1) causes what

brown fat

what specializes in uncoupling proteins

dinitrophenol

transports ions across a membrane (ionophore) to induce heat production for weight loss