Basic Anatomical Systems and Communication Development

what is typical two year old behavior like

• Imitates the behavior of adults and older children

• Is aware of him/herself as a person separate from others

• Is enthusiastic about playing with other children

• Is increasingly independent

• Uses 2-3 word phrases

• Names/asks for objects

what is anatomy

study of structures of the body and relationship of the structures

what is physiology

study of the functions of organisms and bodily structures

what are the three basic physiological subsystems that support production of speech

upper airway system, laryngeal system, respiratory system

what is the upper airway system composed of and what do these structures form

• Composed of:

  • Oral cavity

  • Nasal cavities

  • Pharyngeal cavity

• These structures form the vocal tract

what is the vocal tract

Tube that shapes the sound energy produced by the respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds

what is the Laryngeal system

where the vocal cords and larynx are

what is the larynx

• an air valve located within the front of the neck composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissue

  • Primary sound generator for voice and speech production

where is the larynx

between the trachea and pharynx

what are the primary biological functions of the respiratory system

• Supply oxygen to the blood

• Remove excess carbon dioxide

what is the driving source for speech production

air

what is communicative competence

• The knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language utilize to communicate effectively in that language

• Speaker’s skilled navigation of both linguistic and pragmatic elements of language

what is phonological competence

The ability to recognize and produce the distinctive, meaningful sounds of a language (phonemes)

when do children achieve phonological competence and production

they achieve competence within their first year, but production takes longer to develop

what are phonological processes

A normal phonological deviation that young children make in producing specific sounds and words

what is diminutization

changing the last syllable to “ee” or adding this to the end of the word

what is gliding

/l/ and /r/ sounds are changed to /w/

what is grammatical competence

The ability to effectively recognize and produce the syntactic and morphological structures of a language

when do children develop comprehension for syntax

2 years old

when does production enhance and more adultlike structures are starting to be produced

3 years old

what is lexical competence

The ability to recognize and produce the conventional words that the speakers of a language use

what does lexicon mean

bank of words/meanings; personal dictionary

when does word comprehension occur

6 months

when are first words produced

12 months

what is discourse competence

The ability to relay information to others fluently and coherently; expressing ideas for extended conversation

what is functional competence

The ability to communicate in a language to accomplish goals

what is sociolinguistic competence

The ability to choose and understand language that is socially appropriate

what is interactional competence

• The ability to understand and apply implicit rules for interaction

• Body language, eye contact, proximity

what is cultural competence

The ability to function effectively in cultural contexts, both by interpreting behavior correctly and by behaving in a way that would be considered appropriate by the members of the culture

what are some foundations for communicative competence in children

• Joint reference/attention

• Rituals of infancy/attending to social partners

• Caregiver responsiveness

what is phase 1 of joint reference and attention

• birth to 6 months

  • Look at face, eyes

  • Imitate expressions

  • Caregiver responsiveness is critical

what is phase 2 of joint reference and attention

• 6 months to 1 year

  • Joint attention develops, important for word learning

  • Intentional communication develops

what is phase 3 of joint reference and attention

• 1 year and beyond

  • Use language for interaction

  • Solicit bids for attention

  • Importance of parent involvement/encouragement

what is joint reference and attention and what does it involve

• Sharing focus on an object/location with another person

• Involves the following

  • Gaining attention

  • Attention maintenance

  • Shifting attention

what is the basic foundation of social communication

joint reference and attention

when does intentionality develop

between 8 and 9 months

what is the reflexive stage of vocal development

• 0-2 months

• Distress sounds: crying, fussing

• Vegetative sounds: burping, coughing

what is the control of phonation stage of vocal development

• 1-4 months

• Cooing, gooing, raspberries

what is the expansion stage of vocal development

• 5-10 months

• Combination of vowels, consonants

• Canonical (repetition of the same sound) and variegated (combination of different sounds) babble

what is the advanced form stage of vocal development

• 9-19 months

• Dipthongs, complex syllables

• “Jargon” – 2 syllables, 2 vowels, intonation (sounds like a word but isn’t)

what is language development like shortly after birth

• Infants become actively involved in a reciprocal process with family

• Caregivers exaggerate facial expression and voice to maintain the infant’s attention

  • Infants enjoy looking at and imitating faces

what is language development like during the first three months

• Caregivers’ responses teach children the signal value of special behaviors

• Infants learn stimulus-response sequence

what is language development like by 3-4 months

Rituals and game playing emergy

what is language development like from 6 months to 1 year

• Joint attention develops, important for word learning

• Infants develop attention to objects and people (balancing attention between the two)

• Learn labels so they can learn words

what happens during language development from 8 to 9 months

• Intentional communication develops, primarily through gestures

  • This can happen by making a request or intention can be to make a social connection

what is language development like at 12 months

first meaningful/true word

what are the requirements for the first meaningful/true word

• Phonetically: consistently resembles adult form, recognizable pronunciation

• Semantically: refers consistently to same thing in multiple contexts

• Pragmatically: used with clear purpose/intention

what is language development like 1 year and beyond

• Use language for interaction

• Parent involvement/encouragement helps to further develop and shape the language system (reformulation and expansion)

what is language development like by 18 months (18-26 months)

• producing about 50 single words and combining words predictably

  • Within a few months 3-4 word combinations appear

  • May use a single word for a variety of purposes

what is language development like by age 2

• expressive vocabulary is about 150 to 300 words

  • Ability to comprehend words is gradual and context-specific

  • Larger vocabularies related to more grammatical structures

  • Solicit bids for attention

  • Importance of parent involvement/encouragement

what is language development like by age 3 (preschool)

can recount past and remember short stories

when do children start saying simple and useful verbs

2nd year

how many new words do children typically learn a month

8-10

what are lexical entries

the word, the word’s sound, the word’s meaning and the word’s part of speech

what are phonotactics

combinations of sounds in the language

what is caregiver responsiveness

Refers to caregiver’s attention and sensitivity to infants’ vocalizations and communicative attempts

what are some examples of responsive caregiving

• Waiting and listening

• Following the child’s lead

• Joining in and playing

what is brown’s first stage of development

• Semantic relationships

  • No morphological markers to guide us

  • MLU of 1.5

  • Deictic: 1st person pronouns (I, you, me)

  • Asking, rising inflection

at 18 months, about how many words are in the expressive lexicon

50

when are grammatical morphemes developed

19-28 months

when is the transition from single to multi-word utterances

18-24 months

what is mean length of utterance (MLU)

refers to the average length of children's sentence units or utterances, based on # of morphemes

how do you calculate MLU

Total # of morphemes / total # utterances

what is expressive phonology

the observable sounds and sound patterns that children use when producing syllables and words

by age 2, about how many words are in the expressive vocabulary

150 to 300

what is a vocabulary spurt

remarkable increase in the rate of vocabulary acquisition

what is fast mapping

initial exposure to a word accompanied by the rapid acquisition of the general sense of its meaning

what are some preschool accomplishments

• Vocabulary grows from 1000 to more than 2000 words

• Uses complete sentences

• Almost all speech sounds correctly produced by end of this period

what are some preschool achievements in form

• Complex and compound sentences

  • “And” comes first

  • “Because” comes later and somewhat infrequent

    • 35% of K students

• Negative sentence construction

• Well formed simple declaratives and some “wh” questions

• Syntax is sequencing task

• phonological process suppression

what happens during Roger Brown’s Stage 2-4

• MLU increase from 1.5 (stage 1) to 2.25 (stage 2)

when are certain phonological processes suppressed

• Weak syllable deletion: suppress by age 5

• Cluster reduction: suppressed by age 5

• Liquid gliding (w/l, w/r): may persist past age 5

• th substitution: may persist past age 5