Delinquency Final

diversion

A police officer encounters a 15 year old caught shoplifting for the first time. Instead of making an arrest, the officer issues a warning and contacts the youth’s parents. This is an example of:

A. formal processing

B. diversion

C. net-widening

D. zero tolerance policing

juveniles often commit status offenses and minor infractions

Which of the following best explains why police have broad discretion when dealing with juveniles?

A. juveniles have fewer constitutional rights

B. juvenile offenses are usually felonies

C. juveniles often commit status offenses and minor infractions

D. police officers are not trained in juvenile justice

police discretion

A 16 year old is arrested for vandalism. The officer considers the teen’s prior record, the seriousness of the offense, and the youth’s demeanor before deciding whether to refer the case to juvenile court. This reflects which concept?

A. diversion

B. disproportionate minority contact

C. police discretion

D. net-widening

school to prison pipeline

School Resource Officers (SROs) are often criticized for contributing to:

A. age-crime curve

B. school to prison pipeline

C. juvenile superpredator myth

D. evidence based policing

status offenses

In most states, police officers may take juveniles into custody for which type of offenses in addition to criminal law violations?

A. victimless crimes

B. status offenses

C. felonies only

D. property crimes

labeling theory

Research shows that minority youth are disproportionately stopped and searched by police, even when controlling for actual offending. Which theoretical perspective best explains how these patters of police contact may increase future delinquency by stigmatizing youth?

A. labeling theory

B. routine activities theory

C. life course theory

D. rational choice theory

social bond

Police officers often rely on their perceptions of a youth’s family stability and school attachment when deciding whether to formally process or release them. Which theory best explains why these social bonds influence police decisions?

A.  social bond

B. classic strain

C. differential association

D. labeling

age must be considered when determining whether a juvenile is
in custody for miranda purposes

Police question a 13 year old at school, in the presence of administrators, without giving a Miranda warning. The youth eventually confesses. The Supreme Court ruled in JDB v North Carolina that:

A. juveniles cannot be interrogated without a parent present

B. age must be considered when determining whether a juvenile is in custody for miranda purposes

C. school officials may always question juveniles without Miranda warnings

D. juveniles have fewer constitutional protections than adults during  interrogations

over reliance on formal arrests and punitive measures

According to Lynch and Chappell (2021), which of the following was NOT one of the four main themes identified in the SRO’s responses?

A. willingness to implement alternatives to formal juvenile justice sanctions

B. the blurred lines between school discipline and crim

C. over reliance on formal arrests and punitive measures

D. oriented toward working with youth

law enforcement officer, teacher, informed counselor

According to Lynch and Chappell (2021), what is the “triad model” recommended by the National Association of School Resource Officers (NASRO) for the role of an SRO?

A. law enforcement officer, security guard, mentor

B. law enforcement officer, teacher, informed counselor

C. administrator assistant, disciplinarian, community liaison

D. investigator, mediator, surrogate parent

the relationship is complex, drug use may increase opportunities for offending

One of the strongest correlates of juvenile drug use is delinquency. Which of the following best reflects the relationship between substance use and juvenile offending?

A. substance use and delinquency are entirely unrelated

B. substance use directly causes delinquency in all cases

C. the relationship is complex, drug use may increase opportunities for offending

D. delinquency is always a result of drug use, but drug use is rarely a result of delinquency 

his drug use and delinquent behavior may reinforce each other

Marcus, a 16 year old, has been arrested for shoplifting with his friends. During intake, he admits to using marijuana and occasionally taking prescription pills that weren’t prescribed to him. His record also shows prior arrests for vandalism and truancy. Based on research in juvenile justice, what is the most accurate interpretation of Marcus’ drug use in relation to his offending?

A. his drug use is the sole cause of his delinquent behavior

B. his offending likely caused his drug use

C. his drug use and delinquent behavior may reinforce each other

D. his drug use is unrelated to his offending

he is learning behaviors and norms that support both drinking and fighting from his peer group

Joe, 17, reports drinking heavily on weekends and getting into frequent fights. His school attendance is poor, and he associates mainly with peers who also drink and fight. According to social learning theory, what most likely explains Joe’s substance use and delinquency?

A. He inherited a genetic trait for aggression and alcohol use

B. he is learning behaviors and norms that support both drinking and fighting from his peer group

C. his drinking is unrelated to his fighting since they both involve different activities

D. his school performance is the sole cause of both drinking and fighting

because drug use and delinquency may serve as coping mechanisms for stress, blocked opportunities, or negative environments

According to strain theory, why might juveniles engage in both drug use and delinquency?

A. because they imitate peer behavior and receive rewards for deviant actions

B. because they are exposed to definitions favorable to drug use and offending

C. because drug use and delinquency may serve as coping mechanisms for stress, blocked opportunities, or negative environments

D. because labeling by authorities pushes them further into deviant roles

weak bonds to family, school, and prosocial institution reduce constraints

How would CONTROL THEORY explain the connection between drug use and delinquency among juveniles?

A. weak bonds to family, school, and prosocial institution reduce constraints

B. youth learn delinquency and drug use from peers through modeling and reinforcement

C. youth use drugs and commit crimes because they are coping with structural inequalities

D. youth commit delinquency after being labeled as drug users, which limits opportunities for conventional success

In re Gault

Which US Supreme Court case established that juveniles are entitled to FUNDAMENTAL DUE PROCESS RIGHTS in delinquency proceedings, including the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right against self-incrimination?

A. Kent v US

B. In re Gault

C. In re Winship

D. Roper v Simmons

proof beyond a reasonable doubt is required in juvenile delinquency proceedings

What did the Supreme Court decide in In re Winship?

A. juveniles cannot be transferred to adult court without a hearing

B. juveniles cannot be sentenced to death for crimes committed under age 18

C. proof beyond a reasonable doubt is required in juvenile delinquency proceedings

D. juveniles must be given the right to a jury trial in delinquency hearings

juveniles convicted of non-homicide offenses cannot be sentenced to life without parole

What did the Supreme Court decide in Graham v Florida?

A. juveniles convicted of homicide cannot be sentenced to life without parole

B. juveniles convicted of non-homicide offenses cannot be sentenced to life without parole

C. juveniles have the right to appointed counsel in delinquency cases

D. juveniles must be provided with hearings before adult transfer

mandatory life without parole sentences for juveniles convicted of homicide are unconstitutional

In Miller v Alabama, the Court ruled that:

A. Mandatory life without parole sentences for juveniles convicted of homicide are unconstitutional

B. the juvenile death penalty is unconstitutional

C. juveniles must have proof beyond a reasonable doubt in adjudications

D. juveniles cannot be sentenced to more than 20 years in prison

it made the ban on juvenile LWOP retroactive, allowing those previously sentenced to seek resentencing or parole

How did Montgomery v Louisiana extend the Court’s earlier ruling in Miller v Alabama?

A. it made the ban on juvenile LWOP retroactive, allowing those previously sentenced to seek resentencing or parole

B. it extended juvenile death penalty protections to those under age 21

C. It mandated jury trials for all juvenile delinquency cases

D. it ended the use of solitary confinement for juveniles

opportunity hypothesis of delinquency

Which of the following hypotheses predicts delinquency occurs as a result of UNSTRUCTURED AND UNSUPERVISED SOCIALIZING among juveniles?

A. socialization hypothesis of delinquency

B. opportunity hypothesis of delinquency

C. labeling hypothesis of delinquency

D. Marxist hypothesis of delinquency

relational isolation

Mark (age 17) lives in a neighborhood with lots of crime. Employment opportunities for juveniles are not plentiful, and the school does not have after-school extracurriculars. Given the low SES of most households, parents are generally working when school lets out. As a result, many juveniles socialize unsupervised and often engage in delinquent acts. Mark has aspirations to go to college and cannot risk arrest, as a result he spends his time inside his home most days after school and on weekends. Mark is engaging in what type of behavior?

A. antisocial

B. cyber criminal

C. relational isolation

D. conflict avoidant behavior

ubiquity of smartphones

A recent study found that most teens watch YouTube in their bedroom after school rather than hangout with their friends. The opposite was true just 10 years ago. This result is explained by…

A. Tik Tok

B. the ubiquity of smartphones

C. school cell phone bans

D. new sexting laws

all of the above

Sierra (age 16) sent a nude picture to John (age 17) who she is romantically interested in. John shares the picture with his friends who then bully her. She reports this to her school resource officer, who then arrests her for distribution of child pornography, a felony in her state. Also note her state does not have laws specific to sexting. Activists for sexting laws would say which of the following?

A. Sierra is a victim

B. sexting laws would prevent Sierra’s arrest

C. explicit pictures sent between minors and only between minors should not carry child pornography charges

D. all of the above

ill defined

What is a gang?

A. a group of juveniles

B. a group of delinquent juveniles

C. an organized group of juveniles that engage in delinquent behavior

D. ill defined

social gangs

According to Fagan, which type of gang does not engage in much illicit drug use or delinquent activity?

A. social gangs

B. party gangs

C. serious delinquency gangs

D. organization gangs

the lack of a capable guardian in the area, such as police presence

Theresa was pickpocketed in the French Quarter in New Orleans because she was looking through her camera and not paying attention to her surroundings. ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY explains the theft as a result of…

A. the lack of a capable guardian in the area, such as police presence

B. the breakdown of informal social controls that allows theft to happen in the French Quarter

C. people feel strain by the lack of drinking money

D. the presence of people labeled deviants that can’t find a legitimate job, so they pickpocket tourists

auxiliary gang

Which type of female gang works side-by-side with an allied male gang?

A. autonomous gang

B. mixed-gender gang

C. auxiliary gang

D. feminist gang

contribute to research

According to Pyrooz and colleagues, a developmental and life course approach to the study of gangs can…

A. contribute to research

B. is not useful

C. should not be used

D. does not ground research in history or time

linked-lives

According to Pyrooz and colleagues, the idea that no one is an island and develops within a social network of relationships influencing each other is characteristic of which of the following concepts?

A. labeling

B. cohort

C. period

D. linked-lives

attachment

Which of the following components of the family process concerns the affection family members have for each other?

A. attachment

B. supervision

C. conflict

D. discipline

all of the above

Why might younger children be most vulnerable to neglect?

A. parents may be unable to provide for the needs of their children

B. younger children are the most incapable of caring for themselves

C. younger children are incapable of keeping themselves safe from physical harm

D. all of the above

higher for women and men

Since the 1950s, the age at first marriage has trended…

A. lower for women and men

B. higher for women and men

C. lower for women and higher for men

D. higher for women and lower for men

monitored more than boys

According to the textbook, when compared to boys, girls are…

A. monitored exactly the same as boys

B. monitored less than boys

C. monitored more than boys

D. research has not looked at this issue

the other parent

Which of the following is the most common caregiver for children of incarcerated parents?

A. the other parent

B. grandparent

C. foster care

D. sibling

higher academic achievement

Compared to 1990, students in the US currently have…

A. the same academic achievement

B. lower academic achievement

C. higher academic achievement

D. more achievement in math and less in reading

more likely to fail

According to research, students tracked into classrooms with lower intellectual ability are…

A. more likely to fail

B. less likely to fail

C. no more likely to fail as students in classrooms with higher intellectual abilities

D. there is no data on this issue

robbery and assault

By international comparison, violence is high in American classrooms. Which form of violence is most likely to occur in American schools?

A. mass shootings

B. murder

C. robbery and assault

D. theft

all of the above

Which of the following are reasons that zero-tolerance policies are counterproductive?

A. schools overreact

B. real student problems get ignored

C. students are being taught the wrong lessons

D. all of the above

tinker v des moines independent school district

Which Supreme Court decision established that students have First Amendment rights at school?

A. New Jersey v TLO

B. Ingraham v Wright

C. Tinker v Des Moines Independent School District

D. Morse v Frederick

serving a sentence in the community instead of jail or prison

Which of the following best describes community corrections for juveniles?

A.. detaining juveniles prior to adjudication in a secure facility

B. releasing juveniles to their parents without any condition

C. serving a sentence in the community instead of jail or prison

D. transferring juveniles to adult court for sentencing

freedom from all supervision

Which of the following is NOT typically a condition of juvenile probation?

A. mandatory school attendance

B. permission to leave the state

C. mandatory drug or alcohol treatment

D. freedom from all supervision

community service restitution

Maria, a 16 year old, is ordered to clean up a local park after being adjudicated for vandalism. This is an example of…

A. monetary restitution

B. community service restitution

C. victim service restitution

D. institutional restitution

it often involves electronic monitoring and limited approved outings

Which of the following statements about house arrest is most accurate?

A. juveniles can leave home freely during the day

B. it is always paired with a blended sentence

C. it often involves electronic monitoring and limited approved outings

D. it replaces probation entirely

low security settings such as camps and farms

Juvenile detention facilities that are known as “open facilities” are best characterized as…

A. maximum security units for violent offenders

B. private facilities with strict eligibility

C. low security settings such as camps and farms

D. temporary holding cells in adult jails

indictment by grand jury

Which of the following is NOT one of the main stages of the juvenile justice process?

A. diversion

B. intake

C. adjudication

D. indictment by grand jury

automatic waiver

A 15 year old in Missouri is charged with armed robbery. This automatically results in a hearing to determine whether to transfer the case to adult court (as armed robbery is an offense that Missouri lists as requiring a waiver hearing). What type of waiver is this?

A. judicial waiver

B. automatic waiver

C. prosecutorial waiver

D. diversion waiver

it may occur at multiple stages to redirect youth to services instead of formal processing

Which statement best describes the treatment of undocumented youth in detention?

A. it occurs only after adjudication

B. it replaces adjudication entirely

C. it may occur at multiple stages to redirect youth to services instead of formal processing

D. it requires detention first

they are often detained by ICE, with fewer legal protections

Which statement best describes the treatment of undocumented youth in detention?

A. they are processed through state juvenile justice systems only

B. they are afforded the same due process as other youth

C. they are often detained by ICE, with fewer legal protections

D. they cannot legally be detained in the US

juvenile dependency process

A child is removed from their home after reports of neglect. The Children’s Division investigates and files a petition alleging abuse. After a finding of dependency, the court develops a reunification plan with periodic review hearings. Which process is this an example of?

A. juvenile justice process

B. juvenile dependency process

C. automatic waiver

D. judicial review

Tinker v Des Moines Independent School District

• students wore arm bands to protest Vietnam war

• students were suspended

• established First Amendment right in schools

Goss v Lopez

• students suspended for destroying property and causing a disturbance

• established that students must be provided a hearing where they can defend themselves

Ingraham v Wright

• student was paddled severely

• his 8th amendment right (cruel and unusual punishment) was not violated

socialization hypothesis

peers who hang out with delinquent peers are more likely to be delinquent themselves

opportunity hypothesis

more time spent together with peers away from agents of social control leads to higher likelihoods of offending

social gang

juveniles that just get together, may be involved in minor forms of delinquency

party gang

focused on obtaining drugs and alcohol

serious delinquency gangs

turf wars, famous gangs, drug selling, violence, death, homicides

organization gangs

drug cartels, Mafia

subculture of violence theory

• the culture of a neighborhood encourages violence

• violence may occur for simple negative social interaction

routine activity theory

• lack of a capable guardian

• motivation

• acquiring of a suitable target

general deterrence

using punishment as a deterrent to everyone

specific deterrence

using punishment as a deterrent to a certain subsect or group

Kent v United States

• established that juveniles have a right to a hearing before a transfer to adult court

In re Gault

• established due process rights for juveniles

  • adequate notice of charges

  • notification of both parents and children

  • opportunity to confront and cross examine witness

  • safeguards against self incrimination

In re Winship

• establishes that the reasonable doubt standard applies to juveniles

McKiever v Pennsylvania

establishes that juveniles do not have a right to a jury trial since cases are not criminal

Breed v Jones

established that double jeopardy to transfer a juvenile after adjudication, transfer must only be done after a waiver hearing

Oklahoma publishing company v Oklahoma County district court

established that if a proceeding is open to the public, then the 1st amendment applies

Smith v Daily Mail Publishing

established that the government can’t restrain the dissemination of lawfully acquired information

Eddings v Oklahoma

established that age should be a mitigating factor regardless of aggravating facts

Schall v Martin

established that the pretrial detention of juveniles does not violate due process rights and should be used for the protection of juveniles

Thompson v Oklahoma

established that juveniles under the age of 16 cannot be sentenced to death

Stanford v Kentucky

established that the standards at the time allowed for the execution of a 17 year old

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

• Four standards

  • deinstitutionalization of status offenders

  • adult jail and lock up removal

  • sight and sound separation

  • reduction of disproportionate minority confinement

Atkins v Virginia

established that the execution of the mentally disabled is cruel and unusual

Roper v Simmons

established that the decency standards in the US evolved to the point that the execution of a minor is cruel and unusual punishment

Graham v Florida

established that sentencing a juvenile for non-homicidal crimes is unconstitutional

Miller v Alabama

established that sentencing a 14 year old to LWOP is cruel and unusual punishment

Montgomery v Louisiana

made Miller v Alabama retroactive

Jones v Mississippi

established that a judge’s discretion is enough to determine incorrigibility

Miranda v Arizona

established Miranda rights

Yarborough v Alvarado

establishes that age does not matter, if you are being questioned and confess then police do not have to read you your rights until you are in custody

JDB v North Carolina

established that juveniles are different from adults and will feel compelled to answer police questioning

automatic waiver

automatically moves juvenile to adult court after hearing (murder, assault with a deadly weapon, robbery, drug distribution)

prosecutorial waiver

• used for certain offenses at the discretion of prosecutors

• decided in regard to seriousness of crimes, delinquency patterns, age, sophistication, and maturity of the juvenile

judicial waiver

same as prosecutorial waiver but at the discretion of a judge

diverson

court decides that the justice system is not in the best interest of the juvenile and may move them towards counseling, family interventions, substance use treatment, etc.