Anat/Phys Exam 1

Anatomy

study of form and structure of an organism

Physiology

study of the integration of the body with the functions of its parts

Systems of Organization

chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, systems

Integumentary system functions

protects against environment, regulate body temps, provides sensory information

Skeletal system functions

provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and minerals, forms blood cells

Muscular system

provides movement, protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temp

Nervous system functions

responds to stimuli, provides and interprets sensory information

Cardiovascular system functions

distributes water, blood cells, and dissolves materials

Respiratory system functions

delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to remove carbon dioxide, and sound for communication

Urinary system functions

excretes waste products from blood, controls water volume, regulates blood ion concentration and pH

Digestive system functions

processes and digests food, absorbs nutrients and water, stores energy

Lymphatic system

returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood

Endocrine system functions

directs long term changes to other systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use

Reproductive system functions

produces offspring, provides milk

Homeostasis

the presence of a stable internal environment

homeostatic mechanisms consist of

receptor, control center, and effector

receptor

sensitive to environmental change or stimulus

control center

receives and processes information, sends out commands

effector

responds to commands by affecting stimulus

negative feedback

control center opposes stimulus, most common regulator

positive feedback

control center enhances stimulus, uncommon

Body cavities

interior regions of body est by body wall, protect internal organs

viscera

organs enclosed by body cavities

4 body cavities

thoracic, abdominopelvic, pelvic, retroperitoneal

four basic types of body tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

extracellular fluid

watery, surrounds body cells

interstitial fluid

extracellular fluid between cells

intracellular fluid

cytoplasm

Epithelial tissue

protective layer

Connective tissue

holds organs and tissues together

Muscle tissue

contracts, skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Neural tissue

responds to stimuli

Intercellular connections

tight junction, adhesion belt, gap junctions, desmosome

types of connective tissue cells

fiber, fixed cells, wandering cells

types of connective tissue

loose and dense

loose connective tissue

areolar and adipose

dense connective tissue

regular and irregular

3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

4 main membranes

synovial, mucous, serous, cutaneous

how is the skin critical for homeostasis

protection, prevents dehydration, regulates body temperature, sensory information

two types of skin

epidermis and dermis

Epidermis

outer layer, multiple cell layers

four main epidermis cell types

keratinocytes, merkel cells, dendritic cells, melanocytes

Keratinocytes function

produce keratin, waterproofs skin

5 layers of keratinocytes

stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Stratum Basale

deepest layer, replace keratinocytes lost at surface

Stratum spinosum

keratinocytes are spikey, contain dendritic cells

stratum granulosum

grainy layer, keratin cells begin to die

stratum lucidum

only in thick skin, clear layer

stratum corneum

outer most layer, thickness varies, flaking

Merkel Cells

touch receptors

Dendritic cells

immune cells, monitor foreign materials

Melanocytes

produce melanin, protects against UV radiation

two fiber types of the dermis

elastic and collagen

2 layers of the dermis

papillary and reticular

Papillary layer

closest to epidermis, fingerprints

Reticular layer

deepest layer, thicker layer, blood vessels and nerves

Hypodermis

separates skin, mostly adipose tissue

2 types of sweat glands

merocrine and aperocrine

Merocrine sweat glands

most common, secretion regulated by nervous system, fight or flight

Apocrine sweat glands

open on hair follicles, affected by sex steroids

Sebaceous Glands

release products on hair follicles, hair protection

Special sebaceous glands

anal glands

sources of vitamin d

sunlight and diet

vitamin d functions

increase blood calcium, absorbs calcium, calcium reabsorption from bones

1. sunlight

2. steroid compound

3. cholecalciferol

4. epidermis

5. food

6. dietary cholecalciferol

7. small intestine

8. liver

9. calciferol

10. kidney

Rickets

soft bone, caused by vitamin d deficiency