Chapter 7 The Nervous System

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

What is the primary function of the neurons in the nervous system?

To carry electrical messages that coordinate the exchange of information between the body’s internal and external environment.

What is the role of the neuroglia?

Specialized cells that separate, support, and protect neurons.

What are the three layers of meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

Dura mater, Arachnoid, and Pia mater.

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Controls involuntary muscles, smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands.

What is the 'fight or flight' response associated with?

Sympathetic nervous system.

What does TIA stand for?

Transient Ischemic Attack.

What is the name for the coverings of the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges.

What is the term for inflammation of the brain?

Encephalitis.

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital.

What is Alzheimer's disease classified as?

A degenerative, fatal condition involving atrophy of the cerebral cortex.

What does the term 'aphasia' mean?

Loss of speech.

What is the definition of cerebrovascular?

Pertaining to blood vessels in the brain.

What is the role of neurotransmitters?

Chemicals that facilitate nerve transmission across synapses.

What is the definition of myelin?

A white fatty material that provides protection and insulation for axons.

What is the role of the brainstem?

Controls basic life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.

What is synapse?

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmission occurs.

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Regulates homeostasis, including temperature control, hunger, and thirst.

What are the types of neurons?

Sensory, motor, and interneurons.

What does the term 'neuropathy' refer to?

Nerve damage or disease affecting the nervous system.

What is the role of the spinal cord?

Transmits nerve signals between the brain and the body.

What does PNS stand for?

Peripheral Nervous System.

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

What does the term 'homeostasis' mean in relation to the nervous system?

The ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

What is Parkinson's disease?

A progressive disorder that affects movement and is characterized by tremors and rigidity.

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture.

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

Processes auditory information and is involved in memory and language.

What does the term 'neuroplasticity' refer to?

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.

What is a reflex arc?

The neural pathway that controls a reflex action.

What are neurotransmitter receptors?

Proteins on neuron surfaces that bind neurotransmitters to facilitate communication.

What is the function of the thalamus?

Acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.

What does 'axon' refer to?

A long, thin structure that transmits impulses away from a neuron.

What is the role of the corpus callosum?

Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and facilitates interhemispheric communication.

What is multiple sclerosis?

An autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin sheath of neurons, affecting communication.

What are glial cells?

Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons.

What is the function of the limbic system?

Regulates emotions, memory, and arousal.

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

Processes visual information.

What does the term 'reflex' mean in terms of the nervous system?

An involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus.

What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Connects the CNS to the limbs and organs.

What are the types of glial cells?

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

Involved in reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and emotional control.

What is traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

An alteration in brain function caused by an external force.

What is the term for the protective covering of the peripheral nerves?

Endoneurium.

What is the association between the sensory cortex and sensory information?

The sensory cortex processes sensory input from the body.

What are dopamine and serotonin classified as?

Neurotransmitters.