Hematology Exam 1

Fluid phase and cells

The components of blood are...

Plasma

The fluid portion of blood that contains proteins and water

Transport, buffer

the functions of plasma

Erythrocytes

function in blood to transport O2 and CO2 as well as H+ buffering (acid-base chemistry)

Leukocytes

function in blood as bodily defenders: kill microbes via phagocytosis and cellular and humoral immunity.

Platelets

function in blood in hemostasis and play a role in inflammation and wound healing

Liver

Where most plasma proteins are produced

Spun microhematocrit tube, automated CBC parameters, manual blood film review

The components of a complete blood count (CBC)

Packed cell volume

percentage of blood composed of RBCs

plasma

What is A pointing to in this example of a hematocrit tube?

buffy coat

What is B pointing to in this example of a hematocrit tube?

Packed erythrocytes

What is C pointing to in this example of a hematocrit tube?

Leukocytes and platelets

What does the buffy coat contain?

hemolysis

What is happening in the left hematocrit tube?

lipemia

What is happening in this hematocrit tube?

Icterus

What is happening in the hematocrit tube on the right?

goat

Which domestic species has the smallest red blood cells and the lowest normal mean PCV?

Leukocytosis

What is happening in the middle tube?

Leukopenia or thrombocytopenia

What is happening in the right tube?

Horses

Which species tends to have a light yellow plasma due to higher bilirubin content?

Cattle

Which species tends to have a light yellow plasma due to carotenoid pigments?

92% water, 8% solds

What are the components of plasma and their percentages?

Transport, Colloid osmotic effects, acid-base, immunity, and hemostasis

What are the collective properties of plasma proteins?

Refractometer

Instrument that measures total solids (and specific gravity) in plasma or urine?

other non-protein solids, increased glucose or urea, scratches on glass, lipemic samples, and hemolysis in sample

Sources of error for a refractometer total protein reading

Dehydration

What condition may lead to an elevated total protein due to water loss?

Over-hydration

What may lead to a decreased total protein?

Heat-precipitated protein test

Can measure the amount of fibrinogen in a sample

Fibrinogen

also known as coagulation factor I, will act as a scaffolding for inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells when its active form is deposited in tissues

Serum

Plasma without clotting factors

30 minutes

How long should you allow a sample to sit and clot before spinning it down to obtain serum?

Albumin

Single homogenous (negatively charged) protein that functions to transport organic and inorganic substances, cations, metabolites and hormones, poorly soluble drugs, and toxic substances. Also holds water in vessels via colloidal osmotic pressure

Globulins

all non-albumin plasma proteins

Serum protein electrophoresis

Test that looks at patterns in globulin groups and allows us to measure individual proteins via charge and size.

Antibodies

glycoproteins that are produced by lymphoid cells that function to recognize antigens

Monoclonal

What type of gammopathy is being shown in this plasma protein electrophoresis graph?

Polyclonal gammopathy

What type of gammopathy is being shown in this plasma protein electrophoresis graph?

Acute-phase response

part of innate immune response that modulates production of proteins termed acute-phase proteins (APPs)

Fibrinogen

Postive APP with a key role in coagulation, activates inflammatory cells

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Positive APP that helps immune cells and complement clear pathogens

Haptoglobin

Positive APP that binds free hemoglobin (anti-oxidant/antibacterial effect)

Serum Amyloid A (SAA)

Positive APP that can bind bacteria helping the immune system clear organisms (very important in horses and cats)

C3

Postive APP that is an important player of the complement cascade

Albumin and transferrin

Two examples of negative APPs

yolk sac

Site of early hematopoiesis in fetus (in cats, dominant between 10-30 days)

Liver

Site of intermediate-stage hematopoiesis in the fetus (in cats, dominant between 30-45 days)

Bone marrow

Site of hematopoiesis in late-stage fetus and through into adulthood (in cat dominant between 45 days through adulthood)

Spleen

Example of a site of secondary hematopoiesis, makes up about 1-5% of hematopoiesis in cat fetus before birth

Pluripotent

Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types

Multipotent

cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells

Unipotent

Can only become one type of cell

Structural support and growth factor (cytokine) production

Osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts function in the bone marrow in what ways?

Extracellular matrix components

What provides the bone marrow with an adhesive environment, optimizes cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions?

Adipocytes

What cells are responsible for energy storage for cell growth and growth factor production in bone marrow?

Macrophages and lymphocytes

What cells in the bone marrow provide nutrients needed for cell differentiation and produce growth factos (cytokines)?

Erythroblastic island

central macrophage surrounded by maturing erythrocytes

Hematopoietic stem cells

most undifferentiated type of hematopoietic cell, can differentiate into all blood cell types and some tissue cell types, make up

Hematopoietic progenitor cells

Multipotent hematopoietic cell that proliferates more quickly can HSCs and has a more restricted lineage potential than HSCs. About 1% of bone marrow cells in adults

Common lymphoid progenitor

Hematopoietic progenitor cell that can differentiate into B and T lymphocytes and Natural Killer (NK) cells

Common myeloid progenitor

Hematopoietic progenitor cell that can differentiate into erythrocytes and platelets, non-lymphoid leukocytes, and other tissue type cells such as macrophages and mast cells

Hematopoietic precursor cells

Unipotent hematopoietic cells that are on track to differentiate into their final mature cell.

Mature hematopoietic cells

mature, fully differentiated blood cells

Autocrine

What signaling pathway is this cell using?

Autocrine

Referring to a secreted molecule that acts on the cell that secreted it.

Paracrine

What signaling pathway is occurring in this picture?

Paracrine

Referring to a secreted molecule that acts on an adjacent or neighboring cell.

Endocrine

What signaling pathway is occurring in this picture?

Endocrine

Referring to a secreted molecule that is secreted into ducts/circulation that reaches a distant target cell

Erythropoietin (epo)

glycoprotein growth factor produced in the renal interstitial cells of the kidney that signals the bone marrow to produce new erythrocytes by inhibiting the apoptosis of mature stem and progenitor cells

3-5 days

Erythrocyte marrow transit time

Macrophages

the source of early/intermediate-acting growth factors (i.e. SCF, IL-3, GM-CSF) and iron for erythroblasts

6-9 days

Marrow transit time for neutrophils

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

stimulates formation of granulocytes

Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

stimulates formation of granulocytes and monocytes

2-10 days

Marrow transit time for platelets

Thrombopoietin (Tpo)

growth factor produced by the liver that promotes the differentiation of progenitor cells into megakaryocytes

hepatic endothelial cells

The major site of thrombopoietin production

Megakaryocyte

large platelet precursor cell found outside of the vascular sinuses

lymph nodes

Where B-lymphocytes develop and mature

thymus

Where T-lymphocytes develop and mature

IL-5

the interleukin that is required for terminal maturation of eosinophils

IL-3 and GM-CSF

growth factors required for early progenitors of eosinophils

Stem cell factor

growth factor especially important for the formation of mast cell

in tissues

Where do mast cells develop?

3 days

Marrow transit time for monocytes

M-CSF

stimulates production of monocytes

Osteoclasts

multi-nucleated cells that degrade bone; develop from monocyte progenitors

30-32

about how many erythrocytes are produced from 1 rubriblast?

bi-concave discs

The shape of red blood cells in most mammals

true

True or False: Mature Red blood cells in mammals are not nucleated

False

True or False: Mature red blood cells in non-mammals are not nucleated

Acanthocytes

spurred red blood cells that indicate pathology such as liver disease, intravascular trauma, hepatic lipadasis, etc.

Membrane shape, deformability, and durability

The important roles of the skeletal membrane proteins of red blood cells

Integral membrane proteins

A protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of red blood] cells. These are typicallly cell surface receptors, transporters, or antigens

antigen

a molecule/substance that triggers antibody production

A and Q factors

clinically significant erythrocyte antigens in the horse

DEA-1, rarely DEA-4, and Dal

clinically significant erythrocyte antigens in the dog

AB group, Mik group

clinically significant erythrocyte antigens in the cat

cats

What species typically forms anti-erythrocyte antibodies after the first blood transfusion or exposure to foreign blood? (Note: this species is an exception!)

Type B

No antigen A, antigen B on RBCs, high amounts of strong anti-A antibodies in plasma