2. Levels of Organization & Anatomical Terminology

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

What does anatomy study?

Body structures and what the body is made of.

What does physiology study?

Body functions and how organs and systems work together.

What is the chemical level in the levels of organization?

The foundation of life, consisting of atoms and molecules.

What is an example of a molecule related to the chemical level?

Hemoglobin.

What two main types of metabolism are there?

Catabolism and Anabolism.

What defines the cellular level of organization?

The smallest unit of life where all human functions trace back.

What is the function of the nucleus within a cell?

Control center containing DNA and directing protein synthesis.

What are the four main tissue types?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.

What is an organ?

A structure formed by two or more tissues working together.

What major systems make up the human organism level?

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

What is homeostasis?

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

What does hemostasis refer to?

Stopping bleeding after an injury.

What are the three main steps of hemostasis?

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

What is the difference between homeostasis and hemostasis?

Homeostasis maintains internal balance, while hemostasis stops bleeding.

What is the anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing forward with arms at sides and palms forward.

What does the term 'anterior' refer to?

Towards the front of the body.

What does 'posterior' mean?

Towards the back of the body.

What is meant by 'superior'?

Towards the head or upper part of the body.

What does 'inferior' refer to?

Toward the feet or lower part of the body.

What defines a distal location?

Farther from the point of attachment.

What does superficial mean in anatomical terms?

Toward or on the surface of the body.

What does deep mean in anatomical terms?

Away from the surface; more internal.

What does medial refer to?

Towards the midline of the body.

What is a sagittal plane?

A plane that divides the body into left and right sections.

What does the frontal (coronal) plane do?

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

What is the transverse (horizontal) plane?

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

What is the purpose of the dorsal body cavity?

Protects the nervous system.

What does the cranial cavity house?

The brain.

What is found in the vertebral (spinal) cavity?

The spinal cord.

What is the ventral body cavity?

The largest body cavity that houses major organs.

Which cavities are within the thoracic cavity?

Pleural cavities and mediastinum.

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

Stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, intestines, kidneys.

What is measured in the abdominopelvic quadrants?

Clinical reference for organs like the liver and appendix.

What organ is in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)?

Liver.

What is hemostasis also known for?

Preventing and stopping bleeding.

What is the meaning of negative feedback in homeostasis?

Reverses a change to return to normal.

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

Childbirth contractions.

What is the role of metabolism?

All chemical reactions in the body.

What does catabolism do?

Breaks molecules down, releasing energy.

What is anabolism responsible for?

Building molecules up, requiring energy.

What does it mean when a cell is described as specialized?

It performs a specific function due to its unique structure.

How are epithelial tissues characterized?

By their covering and lining functions.

What is connective tissue primarily used for?

Support and transport.

What kind of movement is associated with muscle tissue?

Movement, posture, and heat production.

How do nervous tissues function?

Communication, control, and coordination.

What is one function of the heart in the organ level?

Pumping blood.

What medical imaging techniques are used to examine organs?

Ultrasound, CT, MRI.

What is the organ system level?

Groups of organs working together.

How is the organism level defined?

All levels and systems together forming a functioning organism.

What is the result of a failure at any organizational level?

It can affect the entire organism.

What is a primary goal of anatomical terminology?

To provide a universal language for clear communication.

What does the term 'proximal' mean?

Closer to the point of attachment.

What does 'distal' mean in anatomy?

Farther from the point of attachment.

What is the importance of understanding body cavities?

Helps in locating and describing where organs reside.

In anatomical terms, what does 'lateral' refer to?

Away from the midline of the body.

What organs are located in the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)?

Stomach, spleen, left kidney, pancreas.

What common positions can the human body be in?

Supine, prone, lateral.

What example illustrates organ dysfunction?

Single genetic mutation causing cellular dysfunction leading to tissue damage.

Why is it important for lab professionals to understand anatomical systems?

To see how different systems connect and impact each other.

Where does the term 'homeostasis' come from?

From Greek words meaning 'same' and 'standing still'.

What is an example of special anatomy used in clinical settings?

Biopsies and tissue-level diagnoses.

What is the significance of the abdominal quadrants?

Used for clinical references to locate organs.