Motor Development -- Exam 1

Define human development and human motor development

Human motor development is both a process through which we pass during the course of life and an academic study. As a human process, motor development refers to the changes that occur in our ability to move and our movement in general as we proceed through the lifespan.

Explain why the study of human motor development is important

Knowledge of the way most people develop in their movement enables us to diagnose cases that are sufficiently atypical to warrant intervention and remediation. Knowledge of human motor development allows the establishment of developmentally appropriate activities that enable optimal teaching/ learning of movement skills for people of all ages and all ability levels.

Describe the four domains of human development and explain how they interact

Human development is multifaceted. In addition to change in human movement, intellectual, social and emotional changes occur. Because these domains of human development are in constant interaction, we can never fully understand ourselves until we fully understand each of these domains including the motor domain.

1) affective -- concerned w social and emotional

2) motor

3) cognitive

4) physical

*all interact with each other.

Explain the concepts of development, maturation, and growth, and describe the elements of developmental change

development: changes we experience as we pass through life

maturation: qualitative functional changes that occur with age

growth: increase in physical size

developmental change: qualitative, sequential, cumulative, directional, multifactorial, individual.

--> understanding the elements of developmental change is essential to attaining a developmental perspective: looking at current behaviors with an interest in what proceeds them and what will follow, and understanding that development is "age related but not completely age determined"

Define common terms in the study of human motor development

cephalocaudal -from head to tail; refers to the development of the human from the two of the body, the head, downward toward the "tail" or the feet.

proximodistal - "from those points close to the body's center to those points close to the periphery, or the farthest from the body's center."

differentiation - is the progressional from gross, immature movement to precise, well-controlled, intentional movement.

integration - how the developed muscles will start working with each other and using each other to support the individual

gross movement - primary controlled by large muscles or muscle groups

fine movement - small muscles or small muscle groups

Describe the process-product controversy

Product approach: Focus is on the end result or

outcome.

Process approach: Emphasis is on the

movement itself, with little attention to the outcome

Define various terms for age periods throughout the lifespan

prenatal:

-conception, fetal period (8 weeks), birth

early childhood:

-infancy

-- neonatal period: birth

-- infancy: 22 days after birth to onset of walking

-- toddlerhood: 4 years

middle childhood: 7 years

late childhood: 7 years

late childhood: 9 years

adolescence: puberty: appx 12 years

early adulthood: height growth cessation: (appx 20 years)

middle adulthood: 40 years

late adulthood: 60 years - death

Describe and explain the "Mountain of Motor Development." Why is it important?

Clark and Metcalfe

metaphor: motor development is compared to learning to climb a mountain: the process takes years, it is a sequential and cumulative process, and it is strongly affected by the personal skills and traits of the individual climber (nonlinear process)

* reflexive period: individual beginning to lear the ways of the world. reflex -- response to a stimuli

* preadapted period: voluntary movement; emergences of motor skills as we overcome early constraints

* fundamental patters: fundamental framework for future movements

* context-specific period: using the fundamental base to apply it to the world

* skillful period: being hella good in one fundamental skill (builds on a specific skill from previous levels)

* compensation period - nullifying or adaption to the effects of some type of negative influence; injury from aging

Explain the work of Jean Piaget on cognitive development

Known for his pioneering work in children's intellectual development.

Describe Piaget's theory of cognitive development and its

relationship to motor development

Process of Adaptation - Adjusting to the demands of the environment through two complementary acts

assimilation: children attempt to interpret new experiences based on their present interpretation of the world

accommodation: children attempt to adjust existing thought structures to account for, or accommodate, new experiences.

Describe Piaget's four stages and related MD

1) sensorimotor stage: creates a foundation for all subsequent efforts to perform bodily movement

- Exercise of Reflexes:

-- Children mostly reflexive - modification of reflexes

- Primary Circular Reactions

-- Increase in voluntary movement - more aware of environment & interact with environment

- 2ndry Circular Reactions

-- Enduring behaviors begin - more planned action -

begin experimentation

- Secondary Schemata

-- Previous experience guides novel learning, try old

solutions on new problems - onset of reasoning

- Tertiary Circular Reactions

-- Active experimentation, new knowledge development

*** OBJECT PERMENANCY: objects can exist even when they're not observable

2) pre operational stage: 2-7; language development, uses symbols,

- pre conceptual: Use of symbols,

Pretend play, Animate inanimate objects

Egocentrism - "mine"

- intuitive- 4-7; reduced ego, more symbols, can't hold a conversation, understanding based on appearance, incapable of conservation-- appearance doesn't change capabilities

3) concrete operational: logical thoughts, can participate in conservation, seriation/ sequencing (arrange by characteristics), reversibility (modify or reverse thought process), learning by doing

4) formal operational: ability to consider ideas that are not based on reality, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, interpropostional thought (connect the dots to come to a solution)

Describe postformal operations and cognitive development in adulthood

development is a lifelong process; flexible and logical

Explain the total intellectual decline theory

Explain the partial intellectual decline theory

intellectual ability based on wechser adult intelligence scale, measures 11 components of intellectual ability, 6 concerning verbal and 5 for performance. There is a total decline, and partial decline.

implicit and explicit memory -- implicit = effortless; explicit = out thought into, deliberate and effortful

Describe the link between knowledge development and

sport performance

Improvements to the task-specific knowledge

base may lead to better task-specific sport performance.

declarative knowledge: factual information or an awareness of something

procedural knowledge: understanding the procedure

--> memory, response time, decision making, neural plasticity

Define socialization

the process through which we learn.

(others can influence the choices we make ((through interaction))).

Movement choices affect our ability to fit in

socially and influence self-identity, attitudes, and more

Explain self-esteem development and its

relationship to physical activity and motor development

Self-esteem: How much we believe ourselves to be competent and successful; the value we place on ourselves as individuals.

Self-esteem can be significantly affected by

involvement in physical activity: perceptions of high/low athletic competence can contribute to high/low self-worth.

Describe the main social influences affecting

motor development during infancy, childhood, older childhood and adolescence, and adulthood

early childhood: difficulty expressing self-worth

mid to late childhood: can distinguish among various forms of competence and express them verbally. increased cognitive capabilities.

young adulthood: self-worth is a function of perceived competence in areas that are most important to oneself

adulthood: new elements of self worth, change as life changes according to their role in for example an intimate relationship where they would want to be the provider

SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON CHILDREN: family, school, play

The exercise-aging cycle

as age increases --> exercises decreases

As fat increases --> physical ability, strength, and energy decrease

As feeling old, acting "one's age", and stress, anxiety and depression increase --> self-esteem decreases

As heart disease, blood pressure, and aches & pains increase --> physical activity decreases

Explain how to delay the exercise-aging cycle

- Maintain an active lifestyle

- Participate in well, designed training programs

- High frequency and intensity of exercise contribute to improved quality of life.