Study Guide Exam 1 Physiological Psychology

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42 Terms

1

What were the conclusions of Santiago Ramon y Cajal’s work regarding nerve cells?

He established that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system.

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2

What are the main parts of an animal cell?

Membrane, nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum.

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3

What are the key parts of a neuron?

Dendrites, dendritic spines, cell body, axon, presynaptic terminal.

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4

What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons?

Glucose.

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5

What does it mean for a neuron's membrane to be polarized?

It means there is a difference in electric charge across the membrane, with the inside being more negative than the outside.

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6

What happens to sodium and potassium channels when a neuron's membrane is at rest?

Sodium channels are closed and potassium channels are partially closed.

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7

When at rest, does the concentration gradient drive sodium into or out of the cell?

Into the cell.

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8

Does the electrical gradient drive potassium into or out of the cell when at rest?

Out of the cell.

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9

What is an action potential?

A rapid, temporary change in the membrane potential of a neuron that occurs when it is stimulated.

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10

What triggers the depolarization of a neuron reaching the threshold of excitation?

The influx of sodium ions into the neuron.

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11

What is the function of the Myelin Sheath?

To insulate axons and speed up the transmission of nerve impulses.

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12

What are excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?

Changes in membrane potential that make a neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

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13

What is the difference between EPSPs and action potentials?

EPSPs are graded potentials that can vary in size, while action potentials are all-or-nothing events.

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14

Which ions are associated with increased permeability resulting in an IPSP?

Increased permeability to potassium or chloride ions.

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15

Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine.

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16

What neurotransmitter is primarily used by the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine.

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17

What is heritability?

A measure of how much variation in a trait can be attributed to genetic differences.

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18

What is apoptosis in the context of neuronal survival?

The process of programmed cell death that occurs when a neuron does not receive enough neurotrophins.

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19

What happens during synaptogenesis?

The formation of synapses between neurons as they develop.

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20

What is diaschisis?

A temporary disruption in function in a brain area that is distant from a site of injury.

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21

What are stem cells?

Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various cell types, including neurons.

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22

What is the role of neurotrophins?

They support the survival, development, and function of neurons.

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23

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

They are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

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24

What is the function of the axon hillock?

It integrates signals from the dendrites and initiates the action potential if the threshold is reached.

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25

What are glial cells?

Supportive cells in the nervous system that provide support, nutrition, and insulation for neurons.

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26

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A selective barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream.

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27

What occurs during repolarization of a neuron?

Potassium channels open, allowing potassium to leave the cell, restoring the negative membrane potential.

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28

What is the significance of the sodium-potassium pump?

It maintains the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions across the neuronal membrane.

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29

What are the effects of myelin loss on nerve impulse transmission?

It slows down or blocks the transmission of nerve impulses, leading to neurological issues.

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30

What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Excitatory neurotransmitters promote depolarization and increase the likelihood of action potentials, while inhibitory neurotransmitters promote hyperpolarization and decrease the likelihood.

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31

What is synaptic plasticity?

The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

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32

What is the role of calcium ions in synaptic transmission?

Calcium ions facilitate the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft.

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33

What is the function of the synaptic cleft?

The synaptic cleft is the small gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released and bind to receptors.

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34

What role do astrocytes play in the nervous system?

Astrocytes are glial cells that support neuronal function, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate blood flow in the brain.

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35

What is neurogenesis?

Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain.

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36

What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?

The resting membrane potential is typically around -70 mV, indicating the inside of the neuron is more negative compared to the outside.

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37

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Long-term potentiation is a stable and enduring increase in the strength of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

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38

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that produce the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system.

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39

How do action potentials propagate along an axon?

Action potentials propagate along an axon through a process called saltatory conduction, where the impulse jumps between myelinated segments.

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40

What is the function of neurotransmitter receptors?

Neurotransmitter receptors are proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that bind neurotransmitters and initiate a response in the receiving neuron.

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41

What is the depolarization phase of an action potential?

The depolarization phase is when the neuron's membrane potential becomes more positive due to the influx of sodium ions.

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42

What is repolarization?

Repolarization is the phase following depolarization where the membrane potential becomes more negative again, primarily due to potassium ions exiting the neuron.

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