APUSH Period 4

Second Great Awakening (1790-1820s)

-Religious revival movement, emphasized individual piety and salvation, spurred social reform movement (abolitionism, women's rights), emphasis on personal connection to God

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

-Supreme Court Case directed by John Marshal, established principle of judicial review (gave court the power to declare laws unconstitutional)
-Ruling strengthened judiciary and established its role as an equal branch of gov to legislative and executive

Louisiana Purchase (1803) and Lewis and Clark Expedition

-US purchased Louisiana Territory from France for $15M, doubled size of nation, secured control of Mississippi River and opened up new territories for exploration and settlement
-Negotiated by Pres Jefferson
-Doubled size of US strengthened country materially and strategically
-Lewis and Clark explored new land and documented its geography

Embargo Act (1807)

-Passed by Pres Jefferson, banned all US exports and restricted imports to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality but harmed US economy

Steamboat (1807)

-Invented by Fulton,made river travel faster, more reliable, and less dependent on wind or currents

Cumberland Road (1811)

-First major federally funded road project in the US, extending from Maryland to Illinois, facilitating westward expansion
-made trade and migration much easier

War of 1812

-Caused by British impressment of American sailors, interference with American trade, and British support for Native American resistance

Hartford Convention (1814)

-Meeting of New England Federalists during the War of 1812
-proposing constitutional amendments to limit the power of southern and western states

Treaty of Ghent (1815)

-Ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war status quo with no territorial changes

Era of Good Feelings (1815)

-Post-war sense of national pride and unity following the War of 1812

American System (1815)

-Proposed by Henry Clay
-included protective tariffs, a national bank, and federal investment in infrastructure

Market Revolution (early 19th cent)

-Period of rapid economic change marked by innovations in transportation, communication, and manufacturing
-Cotton gin: invented by Eli Whitney, dramatically increased cotton production, fueled expansion of slavery in South
-Sewing machine: invented by Elias Howe, revolutionized textile industry
-Telegraph: invented by Samuel Morse, allowed for instant
communication over long distances
-Interchangeable parts: popularized by Eli Whitney, allowed for mass production of standardized parts, more efficient manufacturing

Missouri Compromise (1820)

-Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state while Maine joined as a free state
-Established 36 30' line (slavery prohibited in territories north of this latitude except Missouri)

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

-Declared that Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization and that any interference by European powers in affairs of America would be viewed as acts of aggression

Stephen Austin (1823)

-Started large-scale migration of US settlers into Texas which led to conflicts over slavery, governance, and cultural differences between settlers and Mexican gov, led to Texas Revolution and Texas Independence from Mexico in 1836

Election of 1824 and "Corrupt Bargain"

-None of candidates secured a majority of electoral votes so decision went to House of Reps, John Quincy Adamas elected pres after striking a deal with Henry Clay (became his secretary of state)
-Jackson and his followers called it "corrupt bargain" leading to eventual rise of Jacksonian democracy

Erie Canal completed (1825)

-Connected Hudson River to Lake Erie and opened direct water route from Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes
-Significantly reduced transportation costs, boosting trade
-Led to development of NYC as a major port

Andrew Jackson Presidency & his use of the "Spoils System" (1828)

-"Spoils system": appointing political supporters to government positions, rewarded loyalty over qualifications, highly controversial
-Jackson had strong personality, focused on dismantling elitism in gov, appeal to the "common man"

Tariff of Abominations (1828-1833)

-High protective tariff that raised prices on imported goods, benefitting Northern manufacturers but angering Southern states.
-In response, South Carolina led by John Calhoun claimed right to nullify (invalidate) the tariff within their state, led to Nullification Crisis (Jackson opposed South Carolina's actions, asserting federal supremacy)

Jackson's Battles with the US Bank (1830s)

• Jackson strongly opposed Second Bank of US, viewed it as symbol of elitism and corruption
  -Vetoed recharter of bank and began withdrawing federal funds from it and redistributing to "pet banks"
  -Led to bank's eventual collapse but led to economic instability and Panic of 1837

Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears (1830s)

-Indian Removal Act: signed by Pres Jackson, authorized forced relocation of NA tribes from their ancestral lands in Southeastern US to territories west of Mississippi River, aimed to open up valuable land for white settlers
-Trail of Tears: brutal forced march of the Cherokee and other tribes (many died due to harsh conditions, disease, lack of food/water)

Transcendentalism (1830s)

-Transcendentalism: philosophical and literary movement that promoted idea that individuals should transcend traditional society and materialism, relying on inner spirituality and connection with nature
-Ralph Waldo Emerson: emphasized self-reliance and individuality
-Henry David Thoreau: promoted civil disobedience and advocated for a simpler life in nature

The Liberator (1831)

-Anti-slavery newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison, calling for immediate emancipation of all enslaved people

Election of 1836

-Martin van Buren elected, representing the culmination of Jacksonian democracy (promoted interests of the common man)
-Increased voter participation (due to expansion of suffrage)

Lone Star Rebellion (1836)

-Aka Texas Revolution: revolt by Anglo-American settlers against Mexican Rule in Texas, Texas independence secured, joined US in 1845

John Tyler Presidency (1841-1845)

-Presidency was marked by conflict with his own party (the Whigs) who hoped he would advance their agenda but found him signing more with Jacksonian Democrats
-Most notable for annexing Texas, intensified tensions with Mexico
-Efforts to reduce tariffs and his support for states' rights

Irish and German Immigration (1840s)

-US experienced large influx of immigrants
-Irish immigrants flooded into US during Great Famine when potato crop failure devastated Ireland
-German immigrants came to US seeking political freedom, better economic opportunities, and relief from economic hardship
-Faced discrimination but played significant role in development of American workforce and economy