IP-ch15 part 2

blood

made of plasma and cellular elements

plasma

water, ions, organic molecules, trace elements and vitamins, gases

plasma proteins

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin

albumin

made in liver, contribute to osmotic pressure, carry substances

globulins

made in liver and lymphoid tissue, for clotting, enzymes, antibodies

fibrinogen

made in liver, form fibrin threads

transferrin

made in liver, transport iron

cellular elements

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

red blood cell, platelets, white blood cells other names

erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, leukocytes

white blood cells

lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

lymphocytes

immunocytes

monocytes

develop into macrophages

neutrophils

known as phagocytes

eosinophils

called granulocytes

basophils

called mast cells

erythropoietin

made in kidney cells, influence growth of red blood cells

thrombopoietin

made in liver, influence growth of megakaryocytes

colony stimulating factors, interleukins, stem cell factor

made in bone marrow, influence growth of all blood cells

hematocrit

ratio of red blood cells to plasma

osmotic changes to red blood cells

the disk structure of rbc changes shape due to osmotic change

iron homeostasis

iron enters, absorbed by active transport, transferrin move iron to plasma, liver stores excess iron as ferritin, bone marrow use ferritin to make hemoglobin, spleen hemoglobin to bilirubin, liver metabolize bilirubin, bilirubin excreted in urine or feces

red blood cells lifespan

live for 120 days

hemoglobulin components are recycled

amino acids used in new proteins, iron from heme reused in new heme, remaining heme converted to bilirubin and excrete as bile, too much bilirubin cause jaundice

erythrocytes

red blood cells, contain hemoglobin, have biconcave, strong flexible plasma membrane, lack nucleus, use anaerobic metabolism

hemoglobin

oxygen carrying protein

oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

biconcave shape of rbc gives greater surface area to enhance diffusion

platelet formation

edges of megakaryocyte break off to form platelets

platelet plug formation

exposed collagen binds and activate platelets, release platelet factor, attract more platelets, platelets aggregate into platelet plug

type a blood

has a antigen, anti b antibody

type b blood

has b antigen, anti a antibody

type ab blood

has a and b antigens, neither antibody

type o blood

neither a or b antigen, has both anti a and b antibodies

transfusions

wrong blood type cause clumping of cells and leads to rupture of rbc

rh blood group

antigen discovered on rhesus monkey, rh present positive, rh absent negative

hemolytic disease of newborn

common problem with rh incompatibility