Intro To Physiology Test #3

What are Organic compounds?

Anything that contains carbon and makes C-H bonds

What are the 4 types of hydrocarbons?

Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne and Benzene

What does tetravalence mean?

Must make four bonds, which is why carbon has this property

What is an alkane?

single bonds between carbons

What is an alkene?

double bonds between carbons

What is an alkyne?

triple bonds between carbons

What is a benzene?

double bonds forming a hexagon

What are Structural Isomers?

same molecular formula but different arrangement

What is a geometric isomer?

different arrangement of the atoms around the hydrocarbon chain

What is a Cis isomer?

Hydrogens are arranged on one side opposite of where the functional groups are

What is a Trans isomer?

hydrogen and functional groups are arranged on the same side

What is an Enantiomer?

non superimposable mirror images of eachother

What is special about Enantiomers?

They have identical physical properties but differ in how they rotate polarized light and interact with chiral carbons

What is a chiral carbon atom?

a carbon atom bonded to 4 different atoms or groups

How are organic molecules formed?

dehydration synthesis (building polymers through loss of water) and broken down by hydrolysis (breaking through addition of water)

What are the four major organic molecules?

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acid

What is the Iodine Test used for?

Testing the presence of starch

What is the Benedicts Test used for?

Testing the presence of glucose

What is starch primarily formed from?

Amylose and amylopectin

What is a reducing sugar?

A monosaccharide with an aldehyde functional group

What is a Disaccharide?

two monosaccharides bonded together through DSynth where glycosidic bonds (covalent) form between the

Dehydration Synthesis

monomers become polymers through loss of water (A + B → C + H2O)

Hydrolysis

polymers to monomers through adding water as it breaks a bond (C + H2O → A + B)

How does ATP contribute to the metabolism?

ATP is constantly being broken down to release energy and then is regenerated through cellular respiration

What is the function of ATP?

store and release energy for cellular processes through phosphorylation

What is ATP comprised of?

Adenine, Ribose and 3 phosphate groups

How are long chain DNA/RNA formed?

Through a dehydration synthesis acting on nucleotide monomers and linking them through phosphodiester bonds

Who discovered the role of DNA?

Frederick Griffith

Who discovered Structure of DNA?

Watson and Crick

What are the two types of bases?

Purine and Pyrimidine

What are the functions of nucleotides?

Energy carriers, signaling molecules, metabolic processes and genetic information

What are nucleotides?

The basic building blocks of NA composed of a nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate group

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What is RNAcid?

used for the synthesis of proteins

What is DNAcid?

contains the genetic code of cell

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Store and express genomic information for DNA that encodes the information cells need to make functional proteins

What are nucleic acids?

A large biomolecule that plays a role in all cells and viruses

Structural proteins are typically…?

Fibrous proteins

Enzymes are typically..?

globular proteins

What causes denaturation?

Heat, Chemicals, Extreme pH and heavy metals

What is denaturation?

The process where a proteins strcute is disrupted, causing it to unfold or unravel and leads to loss of function

What dictates function in proteins?

Structure

What is the protein-dehydration synthesis reaction?

The hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another releasing a molecule of water

What forms a polypeptide chain?

Amino acids

How many main amino acids are there?

20

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids

What are the four levels of structures in proteins?

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure

What is the function of enzymatic proteins?

Causes catalyse biological reactions, like trypsin

What is the function of structural proteins?

Give shape and structure to cells or organelles, like actin

What are the four main types of proteins?

Structural, Transport, Defensive and Enzymatic

What is the bilayer?

Kind of like a sandwich where hydrophobic tails are in the center and hydrophilic heads are outside towards the environment

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Describes how the phospholipids move around and give the cell membrane its flexibility

What is an amphiphilic molecule?

Both polar and nonpolar regions

Saturated triglycerides are in what phase at room temp?

Solid

What is the bond formed between a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids?

An ester bond

Unsaturated lipids feature a?

A double bond

What are the four major group of lipids?

Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids

What is the importance of lipids?

primary energy storage and cell signaling. Also a major component of cell membranes