Final Speech Sounds

What are the 5 areas of language?

Phonology, Pragmatics, Syntax, Semantics, Morpholohy

What is phonology

The rules of a language deciding how sounds are organized into syllables and words

What is morphology

the structure of words (grammar)

What is pragmatics

the use of language in a social context

What is semantics

word meaning and an individual’s learning and storing of them

what is syntax

how to organize words into sentences

What is articulation

the totality of motor movements involved in production of speech sounds

What is articulation involved with?

Sound production, motor planning and execution

True or false: articulation development does not vary across ages.

False; it varies

Is articulation acquired or congenital?

It is acquired, so you can’t expect the same abilities from a 2 yr old and 6 yr old

There is/is not a range of ages in which speech sounds can be acquired.

Is

What are some of the first sounds to be acquired?

Stops - p,b, t, d, k, g

What are some of the last sounds to be acquired?

r, th

Speech sounds represent form/function.

form

Speech sounds are phonetic/phonemic.

Phonetic (how sounds are produced)

Speech sounds involve broad/narrow transcription.

Narrow

While phonemes are the basic unit of __________, speech sounds are the basic unit of ___________.

Phonology, phonetics

Allophones/can be examined without referring to a language system

Speech sounds

True or false: Allophones change the meaning of a word.

False, they do not

What is an allophone?

variation in phoneme prounouncing (ex: [t^h] for top, but [t] for stop; allophones of phoneme /t/)

What is a speech sound disorder?

Umbrella term; Person has difficulty producing or using speech sounds correctly

True or false: A speech sound delay infers that a child has irregular errors and will not catch up with the rest of their peers.

False; they have “normal” errors and are expected to catch up.

An articulation disorder involves what kind of errors?

Substitution, Omission, Distortion and Addition

Substitution example

wed for red

Omission example

ca for cat

Distortion example

[shun] for sun

Addition example

Insert an extra sound within a word

What is a minimal pair?

Two words that differ in only ONE phoneme value

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Vital exchange of gases for life support

What is the secondary function of the respiratory system?

generate air for the production of speech

What are the three parts of a syllable?

Peak, onset, coda

What is the peak of a syllable?

aka the nucleus - the most prominent & loud part

What is the onset of a syllable?

All the segments prior to the peak; releasing sounds

What is the coda of a syllable?

All the segments after the peak; arresting sounds

True or false; all words have onsets or codas

False; words like ‘off’ have no onset or coda

Which form of syllables is there rules?

Written

What is assimilation?

The change by which one speech sound becomes similar or identical to a neighboring one. ex: add-and, and becomes nasalized

Nonphonemic dipthong

Meaning of word would NOT change if vowel was said either as monopthong or dipthong ex: [bek] or [beik] = bake

Phonemic dipthong

Meaning of word would change if only vowel onglide were produced. ex: [bait] or [bat] for [ai]

What are sonorants?

sounds made with relatively free airflow and resonate

What are obstruents?

sounds made with greater constriction in the airstream

What are the most sonorant sounds?

vowels, glides (w,j), liquids (r,l), nasals (m, n, ng)

What are the obstruents?

stops, fricatives and affricates

Phonetic transcription transcribes a word the way it is/the way it should be.

The way it is - exactly how it is produced

Compare BROAD vs NARROW transcription

What are diacritics

Additional marks added to basic phonetic transcription symbols to indicate abberant speech sounds

Dentalization

variation in which the tongue approaches the upper incisors - marked by a ◌̪

Nasalization

Mark using a ~ tilde over the sound

Devoiced

denoted by ◌̥ or by using voiceless cognate (ex: /stof/ for stove)

Syllabic

acts as a vowel; in an unstressed syllable and a nasal (m,n, ng) or a lateral (l) follows a vowel ex: bottle, fishin

Glottal Stop

Marked by ʔ - noticeable after a double t (tt) before n in which you don’t hear the vowel. button = [b^ʔn]

Intervocalics

Intervocalic [t] occurs when stop-plosives are preceded and followed by vowels (battle = [bat̬l̩]). uses diacritic for voicing ◌̬. Alveolar tap [ɾ] is an allophone of [d] and partially voiced [t], occurs w/ stress on first syllable (ex: butter = [b^ɾɚ])

Partial voicing

denoted by (s̬)

Derhotacization

Loss of r coloring for r and central vowels with r - denoted either as lack of an r or ə, ɜ

Lateralization

[ɬ] for lateralized s, [ɮ] for lateralized z

What are the three most frequent distortions found in children?

Lateralization, dentalization, and palatalization

Palatalization

movement of articulators in the direction of the palate; marked by a superscript ‘j’ to the right of IPA symbol. approaches a [ʃ] sound

Compare a speech sound vs a phoneme

Speech sound = form, articulation, motor movement, no meaning, phonetic, narrow transcription

Phoneme = function, phonology, language, meaningful, phonemic, broad transcription

What system is used in Distinctive Feature Theory?

A Binary (+/-) system

What are distinctive features?

The smallest indivisible sound properties that establish phonemes

Distinctive Feature theory says:

Two sound segments are considered distinct and can serve as phonemes IF at least one of their features is different

Distinctive feature theory can be used to analyze what?

Substitutions only

What are the 5 features that distinguish among phonemes?

1. Major class features - sonorant, consonantal, or vocalic

2. Cavity features - refers to active and/or passive place of articulation

3. Manner of articulation

4. Source features - subglottal air pressure, voicing, stridency

5. Prosodic features - emphasis + syllable stress

What are the 2 levels of phonological representation, and what theory do they belong to?

1. Surface form

2. Deep structure

3. Generative Phonology

What is surface form? What does it exemplify?

Form of a word that is spoken and heard; language performance

What is deep structure? What does it exemplify?

An abstract, phonological representation of language; language competency

What is naturalness?

The relative simplicity of a sound production, more frequent occurrence in languages, develops first

What is markedness?

Sounds that are more difficult to produce, found less frequently in languages

What does natural phonology say?

Speech is governed by innate, universal set of phonological processes

True or false: Phonological processes are only used by some children.

False; they are used by ALL children as they are developing

What are the three steps in Natural Phonology for children to begin progressing to more adult-like phonology?

1. Limitation

2. Ordering

3. Suppression

What happens in Limitation?

differences between adult and child sounds and phonology becomes limited

What happens in ordering?

Unordered and random substitutions become more organized

What happens in suppression?

There is an abolishment of one or more phonological processes

At what age should phonological processes be eliminated by?

by 5 years old

What are the three types of phonological processes?

1. syllable structure processes

2. substitution processes

3. assimilation processes

what are the 5 types of syllable structure processes?

1. cluster reduction

2. reduplication - total, partial

3. weak syllable deletion

4. final consonant deletion

5. epenthesis

What is epenthesis?

insertion of a sound segment into a word, changing its syllable structure (ex: puh-lease)

Know the substitution and assimilatory processes

Substitution processes: (13)

1. consonant cluster sub

2. fronting

3. labialization

4. alveolarization

5. stopping

6. affrication

7. deaffrication

8. denasalization

9. gliding of liquids/fricatives

10. vowelization

11. derhotacization

12. voicing

13. devoicing

Assimilatory processes:

1. Labial

2. Velar

3. Nasal

4. Liquid

Which speech error has the greatest impact on intelligibility?

Omissions

Nonlinear phonology

segments are governed by more complex linguistic dimensions such as metric, rhythm, syllable structure, and stress and are organized into a hierarchy

What is prelinguistic behavior?

All vocalization prior to the first actual words

What does stage 1 of prelinguistic development involve? When does it appear?

Reflexive crying and vegetative sounds, birth to 2 months

What does stage 2 of prelinguistic development involve? When does it appear?

Cooing and (sustained) laughter; 2-4 months

What does stage 3 of prelinguistic development involve? When does it appear?

Vocal play - prolonged vowel-like or consonant-like steady states, variations in loudness or pitch; 4-6 months

what does stage 4 of prelinguistic development involve? When does it appear?

Reduplicated and nonreduplicated babbling, vocoids (vowel-like) and contoids (consonant-like); 6-10 months

True or false: Babbling is completely random.

False; productions develop in a systematic manner

Which type of babbling has a greater correlation to language growth?

Contoid babble

What does stage 5 of prelinguistic development involve? When does it appear?

strings of babbled utterances that sound like sentences but are not; 10 months and up

A first word is characterized by what?

1. relatively stable phonetic form

2. produced consistently across contexts

3. recognizable

What sounds are most likely to be first words?

stops (p,b,d, t), nasals (m, n), glides (w), fricatives (h)

Primary vs secondary function of the respiratory system

breathing, air supply for vocalization

Primary vs secondary function of the Phonotory System

Protection vs sound generator

Primary vs Secondary function of the Articulatory/Resonatory system

sucking, chewing, swallowing vs sound modification

What is the 50-word stage?

The time from the first meaningful utterance to the time when two words are put together

When does the first 50 word stage start and end?

It starts at 1 year and continues until 2 years

What is the Holophrastic period?

when children use one word to indicate a complete idea ex: using “up” to communicate “pick me up”

What is the age range for the Preschool Child?

18-24 months to 6 years old

When does syntactic development begin in children? How does it begin?

In the preschool age at around 18-30 months; there is a transition from one to two word utterances

Be familiar with the development of vowels and consonants in preschool children.

“Very Cool Friends Just Let Rare Sounds Grow”
= Vowels, Consonants (p, b, m), Fricatives, Glides, Liquids, R-colored, S-clusters, Grumbles (hard sounds like ‘zh’ and ‘th’)