Week 12 Electrolytes and Shock

Hypovolemic Shock

A life-threatening condition caused by severe blood loss, resulting in inadequate perfusion of organs and tissues. Symptoms include rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, pale skin, confusion, and cold extremities. Treatment involves stopping the bleeding, administering intravenous fluids, and blood transfusions if necessary.

Cardiogenic Shock

A life-threatening condition where the heart fails to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by heart attack, heart failure, or arrhythmias. Symptoms include low blood pressure, rapid breathing, confusion, and weak pulse. Treatment involves stabilizing the patient, improving heart function, and restoring blood flow.

Distributive Shock

A type of shock characterized by widespread dilation of blood vessels, resulting in inadequate blood flow to vital organs. It is often caused by severe infections, allergic reactions, or spinal cord injuries. Symptoms include low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, confusion, and cold, clammy skin.

Anaphylactic Shock

Life-threatening allergic reaction causing difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, and swelling. Can be triggered by food, medication, or insect bites. Requires immediate medical attention and treatment with epinephrine.

Septic Shock

Life-threatening medical condition caused by a severe infection. It occurs when toxins released by bacteria overwhelm the body, leading to low blood pressure, organ failure, and inadequate oxygen supply. Symptoms include rapid breathing, confusion, and cold extremities. Prompt medical attention is crucial for treatment and survival.

Neurogenic Shock

A type of shock caused by a sudden loss of sympathetic tone, resulting in widespread vasodilation and decreased peripheral vascular resistance. It can occur due to spinal cord injury, severe pain, or certain medications. Symptoms include low blood pressure, bradycardia, and warm, dry skin.

Initial

First stage of shock. Not clinically apparent. Aerobic to anaerobic cellular metabolism due to decreased oxygen levels, leads to buildup of lactic acid.

Compensatory

Second stage of shock. Body activates neurol, hormonal, biochemical compensatory mechanisms in an attempt to achieve homeostasis. Hypotension, release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Progressive

Begins as compensatory mechanisms fail. Continued decreased cellular perfusion and resulting altered capillary permeability and distinguishing features.

Refractory Stage

decreased perfusion from the peripheral vasoconstriction and decreased CO exacerbate anaerobic metabolism

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

failure of two or more organ systems in an acutely ill patient such that homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention.