APWH

Social Hierarchies

Rigid structures in societies that rank individuals based on factors like wealth, occupation, or caste. In historical China, these hierarchies were influenced by Confucian ideals, with scholars and bureaucrats at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants.

CCOT in China

China's core values of Confucianism and bureaucracy persisted, while there were significant changes such as the rise of new dynasties, Mongol rule under the Yuan, and shifts in trade practices from the Silk Road to maritime routes.

Knowledge + Islam

Islamic scholars preserved and expanded upon Greek, Persian, and Indian knowledge in fields like medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. They also translated ancient texts, contributing to the European Renaissance.

Feudalism

A decentralized political system where lords provided land to vassals in exchange for military service. It was prominent in Europe and Japan during the Middle Ages.

Religious Syncretism

The blending of different religious beliefs and practices. Examples include the fusion of Buddhism with local Chinese traditions, or Islam incorporating elements of Persian and Indian customs.

Technological Innovations

Innovations like the compass, paper, and gunpowder from China had a profound global impact, while other advancements like the printing press in Europe accelerated knowledge dissemination.

Trade in the Americas

Indigenous American civilizations like the Maya and Inca had their own trade systems. After European contact, the Columbian Exchange reshaped economies, introducing new crops, animals, and goods across continents.