LDL/HDL Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)

How does LDL lead to CVD?

increased levels lead to issues

What are the optimum levels of LDL?

greater than 50 mg/dL

What are the risk levels of LDL?

less than 40 mg/dL

What is the biggest prediction of CVD?

LDL:HDL ratio

What is the optimum ratio LDL:HDL?

<2.5:1

What is Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)?

an autosomal dominant disorder resulting in increased LDL levels

What is the genetic cause of FH?

mutation decreasing LDL uptake

What are the possible mutations that lead to FH?

LDL-receptor, LDL-R associated proteins, apoB-100 gene

What are most cases of FH caused by?

mutation in LDL-receptor

Which genotypes are affected by FH?

heterozyg. and homozyg.

What is the frequency of FH among heterozyg.?

1:250

What are the serum LDL levels associated with heterozyg. FH?

320-500 mg/dL

What are the results of having heterozyg. FH?

increased incident CVD, development of fatty deposits (xanthomas) in age 30+

What are xanthomas?

fatty deposits

When do men and women with heterozyg FH have a heart attack?

85% of men by 60 and women by 70

What is the frequency of FH among homozyg.?

1:1000000

What are the serum LDL levels in homozyg. FH?

greater than 600 mg/dL

What are the results of homozyg. FH?

fatty deposits in childhood and if untreated can have heart attack by 30

Which genotype of FH is more severe?

homozygous

What are the treatments for FH?

alter diet and lifestyle

take Statin

liver transplant

filter out fats in blood

What is statin?

a drug used to treat FH that blocks and inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and therefore blocks de novo synthesis

Is statin effective is treating both types of FH?

not effective in treating homozygous FH

What type of enzyme competitor is mevastatin?

competitive with HMG CoA reductase