5d - Cloning

Adult Cell Cloning (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer - SCNT)

成年细胞克隆 (chéngnián xìbāo kèlóng) / 体细胞核移植 (tǐxìbāo hé yízhí) A technique for creating a clone of an adult animal. Involves transferring the nucleus from a somatic (body) cell of the animal to be cloned into an enucleated egg cell, which is then stimulated to develop into an embryo.

Clone

克隆 (kèlóng) / 克隆体 (kèlóngtǐ) An organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical.

Cuttings

（植物）扦插 ((zhíwù) qiānchā) A simple method of plant cloning where a piece of a stem or leaf is cut from a parent plant and induced to form roots and grow into a new, genetically identical plant. (Relevant as a basic form of cloning)

Enucleated egg

去核卵细胞 (qùhé luǎnxìbāo) An egg cell (ovum) from which the nucleus (containing its genetic material) has been removed, typically used in cloning procedures like SCNT.

Embryo Cloning

胚胎克隆 (pēitāi kèlóng) / 胚胎分割 (pēitāi fēngē) A technique for producing genetically identical individuals (clones) by splitting an early embryo into several smaller cell masses, each of which can then develop into a separate embryo.

Micropropagation

微型繁殖 (wēixíng fánzhí) / 植物组织培养 (zhíwù zǔzhī péiyǎng) An advanced method of rapidly cloning plants in vitro. Small pieces of plant tissue (explants) are grown on a sterile nutrient medium under controlled conditions to produce many genetically identical plantlets.

Surrogate mother

代孕母亲 (dàiyùn mǔqīn) A female who carries and gives birth to an embryo/fetus that was formed from the egg of another female (or a cloned embryo), to which she is not genetically related. Used in animal cloning and assisted reproduction.

Tissue Culture

组织培养 (zǔzhī péiyǎng) The general technique of growing cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile laboratory environment on a nutrient medium. Micropropagation is a specific application of plant tissue culture for cloning.