ANAT 5010 - unit 14

pharynx

a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane; extends from the base of the skull down to the level of CV6; continues with the esophagus at the level of the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage at the level of CV6

nasopharynx

lies posterior to nasal cavity and soft palate; is respiratory

oropharynx

lies posterior to the oral cavity; respiratory and digestive functions

laryngopharynx

lies posterior to the larynx; respiratory and digestive regions

choanae/posterior nasal aperture

the nasopharynx communicates with the nasal cavities through the -

pharyngeal isthmus

nasopharynx communicates with the oropharynx through the -

pharyngeal tonsil

commonly known as adenoids; on the posterior side of the nasal cavity

torus tubarius

elevation of cartilage caused by auditory tube

fauces

oropharynx communicates with the oral cavity through the -

palatine tonsils

located in the tonsillar fossa lateral to the tongue and inferior to the soft palate

palatoglossal fold and palatopharyngeal fold

what are the palatine tonsils located between?

palatine tonsils

highly vascular; receive blood from tonsillar branch of facial artery; drained via external palatine vein

larynx

anterior wall of the laryngopharynx is the posterior wall of the -

origin/insertion: runs from the occipital bone to cervical vertebrae

action: flexes cervical vertebrae and the atlanto-occipital joint

innervation: cervical nerves

what is the o,i,a,in of the longus capitis muscle?

origin/insertion: occipital bone to CV1 vertebra

action: flexes atlanto-occipital joint

innervation: anterior rami of C1 and C2

what is the o,i,a,in of the rectus capitis anterior and rectus capitis lateralis?

origin/insertion: cervical vertebra to cervical vertebra

action: flexes neck

innervation: cervical nerves

what is the o,i,a,in of the longus colli?

insertion: median raphe

innervation: pharyngeal nerve (a branch of CN X)

what is the insertion and innervation of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

medial pterygoid plate, hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, mandible, tongue

what is the origin of the superior pharyngeal constrictor?

hyoid bone

what is the origin of the middle pharyngeal constrictor?

thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

what is the origin of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

external branch of superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

besides the pharyngeal nerve, what else innervates the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

origin: palate

insertion: contralateral thyroid cartilage, pharyngeal wall

action: elevate pharynx during swallowing and speaking

innervation: pharyngeal branch of vagus; pharyngeal plexus

what is the o,i,a,in of the palatopharyngeus?

origin: auditory tube

insertion: blends into pharyngeal wall

action: elevate pharynx during swallowing and speaking

innervation: pharyngeal branch of vagus; pharyngeal plexus

what is the o,i,a,in of the salpingopharyngeus?

origin: styloid process

insertion: thyroid cartilage

action: elevate pharynx during swallowing and speaking

innervation: glossopharyngeal nerve

what is the o,i,a,in of the stylopharngeus?

pharyngobasilar fascia

the submucosa of the pharynx; runs from pharynx to basilar portion of occipital and temporal bones

- glossopharyngeal

- vagus

- spinal accessory

- hypoglossal

- sympathetic trunk

what nerves are in the retropharyngeal region?

- motor to stylopharyngeus

- sensory to pharyngeal mucosa of the oropharynx

- visceral sensory to carotid body and sinus

- taste and general sense to posterior 1/3 of tongue

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply in the pharynx?

- pharyngeal branch

- superior laryngeal nerve

- recurrent laryngeal nerve

what are the branches of the vagus nerve in the pharynx?

pharyngeal branch of vagus

major motor supply to pharynx and soft palate; contained within the buccopharyngeal fascia

superior laryngeal nerve

passes medial to the carotid artery; branches into the internal laryngeal nerve and the external laryngeal nerve

internal laryngeal nerve

pierces thyrohyoid membrane to provide sensory and parasympathetic innervation to above the vocal folds

external laryngeal nerve

provides motor innervation to inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and cricothyroid

recurrent laryngeal nerve

ascends between the groove between the trachea and esophagus; enters the larynx deep to the inferior constrictor muscle; provides motor innervation to the cricopharyngeus; provides sensory and parasympathetic innervation to the mucosa below the vocal folds

- glossopharyngeal nerve

- vagus nerve

- sympathetic trunk

what makes up the pharyngeal plexus of nerves?

- nasopharynx - CN V2

- oropharynx - CN IX (glosso)

- laryngopharynx - CN X (vagus)

what provides sensory innervation to the parts of the pharynx?

elevation of the soft palate and contraction of pharyngeal muscles in response to touching the back of the pharynx

what happens with a gag reflex?

- vibration of the vocal folds while pushing air between them to produce tone

- varying the tension and length of vocal folds to vary pitch

- varying the intensity air to vary volume

what does phonation require?

epiglottis

flaps up and down during swallowing to close of the larynx from food and liquid

glossoepiglottic folds

reflections of mucosa from anterior surface of epiglottis to back of tongue

valleculae

depressions to either side of median glossoepiglottic fold

piriform recess

depressions inferior to each lateral glossoepiglottic fold

glottis

hole through which air can pass

apex of arytenoid cartilages

supports corniculate cartilage

internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal vessels

what pierces the thyrohyoid membrane?

saccule

a blind pouch within the laryngeal ventricle; lined with mucous glands to lubricate vocal folds

laryngeal vestibule

spans from laryngeal inlet to vestibular folds

laryngeal ventricle

the space between vestibular folds and vocal folds

subglottic space/infraglottic cavity

extends from the vocal folds to the lower end of the cricoid cartilage

cricothyroid joint

synovial joint between cricoid cartilage and inferior horns of thyroid cartilage; allows for rocking of thyroid cartilage anteriorly

origin: external surface of the arch of the cricoid cartilage

insertion: thyroid cartilage

action: tilts the prominence of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly and inferiorly, tensing the vocal folds and producing higher pitch

innervation: externa laryngeal nerve

what is the o,i,a,in of the cricothyroid muscle?

cricoarytenoid joint

synovial joint between the superior border of cricoid lamina and base of arytenoid cartilages; adduction and abduction of the vocal folds occurs here

origin: posterior surface of cricoid cartilage

insertion: arytenoid cartilage

action: abducts the vocal folds

innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve

what is the o,i,a,in of the posterior cricoarytenoid?

origin: cricoid cartilage

insertion: arytenoid cartilage

action: adducts vocal folds

innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve

what is the o,i,a,in of the lateral cricoarytenoid?

origin: inner surface of thyroid cartilage

insertion: lateral surface of arytenoid cartilage

action: relaxes and adducts vocal folds

innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve

what is the o,i,a,in of the thyroarytenoid?

origin/insertion: posterior surface of arytenoid cartilages

action: adducts vocal folds

innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve

what is the o,i,a,in of the arytenoideus?

recurrent laryngeal nerve

enters larynx below inferior constrictor; motor to intrinsic laryngeal muscles except for cricothyroid; sensory below the vocal folds

internal laryngeal nerve

pierces thyrohyoid membrane with superior laryngeal artery to supply sensory innervation to mucous membranes down to vocal folds

external laryngeal nerve

supplies motor innervation to cricothyroid