science qt2

Robert Hooke

Cells, Micrographia (small drawings)

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

First to discover bacteria, protozoans, nematodes, and rotifers

Robert Brown

Nucleus

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

Plants are made out of cells

Theodor Schwann

Animals are made up of cells

Rudolf Carl Virchow

Cells are made up of pre-existing cells

Zacharias Janssen

First to create a compound microscope

Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of one or more cells; The cells are the basic unit of structure of all living things; Cells only arise from pre-existing cells

Cell

Basic structural and functional unit of life; Forms its structure, carries out its functions, and facilitates reproduction

Microscope

Used to examine objects, tissues, & cells that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

Compound Microscope

Light microscope that uses more than one lens to enlarge an object; Can enlarge an object in focus with the objective lens and further magnify it with another lens called ocular lens/eyepiece

Eyepiece

Magnifies the image so that it can be seen by the human eye

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Rapid control allows for quick focusing by moving the objective lens or stage up & down; Used for initial focusing

Fine Adjustment Knob

Slow but precise control used to fine-focus the image when viewing at a higher magnification

Inclination Joint

Where the microscope’s arm is connected to the base; May have a pin

Base

Houses the illumination and supports the compound microscope

Mirror

Reflects light rays into the microscope; Consists of a concave mirror on one side and a plain mirror on the other side

Condenser

Glass lens located within or below the stage; Gathers and concentrates light onto the specimen

Objective

Connected to the revolving nose piece

Oil Immersion Objective

100x magnification

High Power Objective

45x magnification

Low Power Objective

10x magnification

Revolving Nose Piece

Circular and has a rotating metal part; Holds the objective lenses

Body Tube

Upper part of the arm of the microscope

Stage Clip

Holds the slides in place

Stereomicroscope

Dissecting microscope; Used to look at the external structure of a specimen

Phase-Contrast Microscope

Used to examine highly transparent objects such as unstained cells

Electron Microscope

Uses beams of electrons to create an image of a specimen up to 250,000x its original size based on the reflected electrons

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Used to examine internal structures; Specimen should be non-living and fixed

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Used to examine the surfaces or shapes of specimens; Produces a 3D image of the external structure

Confocal Scanning Microscope

Used to examine the three-dimensional structure of a cell and its parts without cutting the specimen into sections

Light Fluorescent Microscope

Illuminates objects stained with fluorescent dye; Colors flow in the dark

Cell

Acts as a factory; Divided into two major parts

Nucleus

Serves as the command center of the cell

Cytoplasm

Contains most parts of the cell and is protected by the cell membrane

Protoplasm

Mixture of compounds that forms a jelly-like substance where the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane are located

Organelles

"Little organs" that carry out specific functions within the cell

Cell Membrane

Double-layered membrane that encloses the cell; Functions as a boundary between the cell and its external environment

Cell Wall

Additional boundary outside the cell membrane; Found in plant cells; Made of phospholipids

Nucleus

Controls all the activities of a cell; Circular dark-stained part of the protoplasm enclosed by a nuclear membrane; Contains DNA and RNA

Cytoplasm

Part of the protoplasm found within the cell membrane and surrounding the nucleus; Forms the largest part of the cell

Mitochondria

Small, double-membraned, and spherical/sausage-shaped organelles involved in the production of energy (ATP); Powerhouse of the cell

Plastids

Found in plant cells, bacteria, and some protozoans; Chloroplasts are the most common plastids found in green plants; Trap energy from the sun during photosynthesis

Ribosomes

Small structures made up of RNA and proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous structure that forms a network of canals for transporting proteins and other molecules.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes, responsible for transporting proteins produced in ribosomes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, transports large molecules within the cell.

Golgi Complex

Stack of flattened sacs near the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies proteins and transports packaged cell products.

Vacuoles

Store materials such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts.

Vesicles

Responsible for storage and transport of materials between cells.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Endomembrane System

Nucleus > Endoplasmic Reticulum > Golgi Complex.

Cell Wall

Present in plant cells, absent in animal cells.

Plastid

Present in plant cells, absent in animal cells.

Centrioles

Absent in plant cells, present in animal cells.

Red Blood Cells

Transport oxygen from the lungs to different organs.

White Blood Cells

Protect the body against invading pathogens.

Bacteria

Oldest life forms on Earth, prokaryotes, reproduce without fusion of reproductive cells.

Cocci

Circular bacteria.

Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria.

Spirilla

Spiral-shaped bacteria.

Archaens

Ancient microorganisms similar to bacteria.

Levels of Organization of Life

Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism.

Sexual Reproduction

Involves two parents and the union of gametes.

Asexual Reproduction

Parent self-reproduces without the union of reproductive cells.

Prokaryotes

Cells divide into two identical cells that are exact copies of the parent cell.

Plants (asexual)

Reproduce asexually.

Flowering plants (sexual)

Reproduce sexually through pistils and stamens.

Pollination > Fertilization > Seed Dispersal > Germination.

Flowering plants reproduction

Ecology

Study of living and non-living environments.

Ecologists

Scientists who study ecology.

Biosphere

Part of the Earth that supports life.

Biome

Areas with the same plant and climate characteristics.

Ecosystem

Biotic and abiotic factors interacting in an environment.

Community

Different species interacting in a given area.

Population

Group of organisms of the same species in a defined area.

Organism

Individual life form.

Biotic Components

Producers and consumers in an ecosystem.

Producers

Autotrophs that make their own food.

Consumers

Heterotrophs that consume other organisms.

Primary Consumers

Herbivores that eat plants.

Secondary Consumers

Carnivores that eat other consumers.

Omnivores

Eat both plants and animals.

Scavengers

Consumers that feed on dead organisms.

Decomposers

Break down organic matter and recycle nutrients.

Detritivores

Break down large chunks of dead or decaying organic matter.

Abiotic Components

Nonliving factors that sustain life in an ecosystem.

Competition

Organisms competing for resources.

Predation

Consumer capturing and feeding on another organism.

Parasitism

One organism benefiting at the expense of another.

Mutualism

Both organisms benefiting from each other.

Commensalism

One organism benefiting while the other is neither benefited nor harmed.

Symbiosis

Living together of two or more organisms.