Lecture Notes Review: Cellular Energy, Cellular Respiration, and Plasma Membrane (Video)

Flashcards covering energy molecules, stages of cellular respiration, glycolysis details, ETS, and plasma membrane concepts based on the provided notes.

Name the five molecules that function primarily in chemical energy exchange.

ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), glycogen, lipids, and proteins.

What is the approximate energy duration and amount for ATP as an energy source in cells?

About 2 seconds of fuel; ~8 mM.

What is the approximate energy duration and amount for phosphocreatine (PCr) as an energy source?

About 10 seconds of fuel; ~40 mM.

Which molecule stores glucose as glycogen?

Glycogen.

Which molecules function as long-term energy sources in the body?

Lipids and proteins.

What are the four phases of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Intermediate Stage (pyruvate oxidation), Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs), Electron Transport System (ETS/oxidative phosphorylation).

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytosol (cytoplasm) of the cell.

What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

Reactants: glucose; Products: lactate or pyruvate and net 2 ATP.

What is the net ATP yield of glycolysis per glucose molecule?

Net 2 ATP (4 produced minus 2 consumed).

What happens to pyruvate in the Intermediate Stage (pyruvate oxidation)?

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and CO2; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

Inside the mitochondria (mitochondrial matrix).

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle?

NADH, FADH2, CO2, and a small amount of ATP (or GTP).

Where does the Electron Transport System (ETS) occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport System?

Oxygen (O2).

Define oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP synthesis driven by proton flow through ATP synthase, powered by the electron transport chain; requires O2 as the final electron acceptor.

What is produced when protons move through ATP synthase?

ATP.

What are the primary products of oxidative phosphorylation in terms of ATP and water?

A large amount of ATP is produced; water is formed when O2 accepts electrons (H2O).

Which molecules transfer electrons to the Electron Transport System (ETC)?

NADH and FADH2.

Which three major roles do plasma membrane proteins serve?

Transport (channels/ carriers), Receptors, Enzymes.

Which type of plasma membrane proteins are anchored to a single side of the membrane?

Peripheral proteins.

Which type of plasma membrane proteins form channels or transporters that allow ions to cross the membrane?

Integral membrane proteins (channels or transporters).

True or False: Extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid.

True.

What is a primary function of the plasma membrane?

Regulates entry and exit of substances, maintains cell integrity, and supports signaling.

Give an example of how cell size relates to function (from the range of cell sizes).

RBCs are about 7 µm in diameter; mitochondria are ~1 µm; skeletal muscle cells can be very long (e.g., up to meters in length in some fibers); neurons can be very long.

Name some non-membrane-bound organelles.

Ribosomes (free and fixed), Centrosome, Proteasome, Cytoskeleton, Cytosol.

Which condition can result from overhydration and hyponatremia?

Hyponatremia due to excessive dilution of sodium in body fluids (camelbak example).

Which cell organelle is the site of glycolysis and energy exchange (in the context of the notes)?

Cytosol (cytoplasm).