Biology: Responses to Stimuli and the Nervous System

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Irritability

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The ability of living organisms to respond to changes in their environment.

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Stimulus

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A change in the internal or external environment that initiates a response.

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These flashcards cover key vocabulary from the lecture on how organisms respond to stimuli and the structure and function of the nervous system.

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21 Terms

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Irritability

The ability of living organisms to respond to changes in their environment.

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Stimulus

A change in the internal or external environment that initiates a response.

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Response

A change in an organism brought about by a stimulus.

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Receptor

The part of an organism that detects the stimulus.

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Effector

The part of an organism that responds to the stimulus, such as muscles or glands in animals or tips of roots and shoots in plants.

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Phototropism

Growth in response to the stimulus of light.

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Geotropism

Growth in response to gravity.

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Auxin

A hormone that controls growth in plants.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that consists of cranial and spinal nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

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Neuron

A nerve cell that transmits messages in the nervous system.

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Synapse

The tiny gap between adjacent neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit impulses.

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Reflex action

A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus involving a reflex arc.

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Involuntary actions

Actions that occur without conscious thought and are rapid, simple responses.

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Cranial reflexes

Reflex actions that involve the brain, such as blinking or sneezing.

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Spinal reflexes

Reflex actions that involve the spinal cord, such as the knee-jerk reflex.

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Voluntary actions

Actions that are consciously controlled by the brain.

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Homeostasis

The regulation of internal conditions within an organism to maintain stable conditions.

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Myopia

A condition where distant objects are out of focus; corrected with diverging lenses.

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Hypermetropia

A condition where near objects are out of focus; corrected with converging lenses.

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Cataract

A cloudy area that forms in the lens of the eye, often corrected by surgery.