Exercise Science General Terminology

Circular Muscles

Muscles form a circle, arranged to from concentric rings, contract to close

Convergent Muscles

Broad Origin, converge towards single tendon

Parallel Muscles

Strap-like, flat bands, spindle-shaped, parallel fascicles to muscle axis

Fusiform Muscles

Muscles who’s Belly Widens

Pennate Muscles

Fibres start and attach at certain angle to central tendon. Short, high force, small ROM

Motional Pennate Muscles

Unipennate - insert into 1 side of tendon

Bipennate - insert into opposite sides of tendon

Multipennate - Central tendon branches into multiple muscles (eg, deltoid, pec)

Isotonic

Maintain constant tension throughout eccentric and concentric movements

Isometric

Contracts a force with no further movement or stretching of the muscle

Recruitment

Nervous system under pressure enters process of recruitment to use as many muscle fibres as possible to generate strength

Origin of a muscle

Site where the muscle is attached to stable bone which it pulls against

Insertion

Occurs where muscle attaches to a bone that is pulled by the action of the muscle

Belly of the muscle

Fleshy part of the muscle when it contracts

Agonist

Prime Mover

Antagonist

Opposing mover

Stabiliser Muscles

Extra muscles to control a movement

Fixator muscles

Stabiliser muscles that reduce unwanted movement within an action

Voluntary Muscles

Skeletal Muscles

Involuntary Muscles

Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle

Epimysium

Surrounding muscle membrane

Perimysium

Around fascicles (filler tissue)

Fascicles

Muscle tissues that run side by side (look like spaghetti)

Slow twitch

Long distance, continual, aerobic activity. Cannot produce quick bursts of power easily

Fast twitch

High intensity, anaerobic activity, short bursts of power, unable to continue long bursts of power.

Flexion

Decreasing angle at point

Extension

Increasing angle at point

Abduction

Movement away from an imaginary midline

Adduction

Movement towards the body

Tendons

Connect muscles to bones

Ligaments

Tough, elastic fibres that link bone material to bones themselves

Cartillage

Prevents the ends of bones from rubbing together. Synovial fluid helps to lubricate joint

Ball-socket joint

Horizontal Flexion

Moving arms forward in horizontal plane

Pivot joint

Horizontal extension

Returning arm to abducted position

Rotation

Moving a limb in a circular motion in either direction

Circumduction

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Hyper flexion

The flexion of a limb beyond its natural limit (eg large jumping movements)

Hyper extension

The excessive joint movement in which the angle is straightened beyond its normal range.

Pronation

Movement of palm facing downwards

Supination

Movement of palm facing upwards

Plantar flexion

Extension of ankle, pointing of foot and toes

Dorsiflexion

Flexion of the foot in an upward direction

Elevation

Movement in superior direction (shoulder shrug- up)

Depression

Movement in anterior direction (shoulder shrug- down)

Protraction

Movement forward in anterior direction

Retraction

Movement backwards in posterior direction

Inversion

Toe- up

Eversion

Ankle- leaned inwards

Saddle joint- up, down, left, right

Hinge joint

Condyloid joint

% of Synovial joints in the body

90%

Articular system

The name for the system of joints around which our bones move and articulate

Ossification

The process in which cartilage becomes bone

Cartilage components

Chondroblasts, Chondrocytes

Chondroblasts

Active growing cell in cartillage

Chondrocytes

Mature cell-form of cartilage

Intramembranous ossification

Bone develops directly from mesenchyme

Mesenchyme

Connective tissue found in the embryo

Endochondral Ossification

Cartilage serves as a precursor to bone

Epiphyseal plates

Growth plates located on the upper-head of the bone

Periosteum

Outer membrane of the bone

Diaphyseal plates

Osteoblasts underneath the periosteum deposit layers of bone

Epiphysis, Diaphysis

Top bone, middle bone

Compact bone

Located in the diaphysis of a long bone, hard, strong, yellow bone marrow nearby

Spongey bone

Pockets of air, contains red bone marrow, shock absorber (miniscus)

Sesamoid bones

Bones that form within tendons and are located around joints

Irregular bones

Bones that are shaped or made to perform one specific function (eg, patella, vertabrae)

Short bones

Light, strong bones that are composed of spongey bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone

Flat bones

Bones that serve as areas for muscle attachment.

Long bones

(fairly self-explanatory), generates a lever for mechanical force to be exerted.

Axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, ribcage (vertical).

Appendicular Skeleton

Providing support for apendages, eg limb bones and girdles.

Functions of skeleton and bones:

• Movement

• Structure

• Protection

• Size

• Shape

• Mineral resource deposit