ALL Sets in U.S. History

Primary Source

original materials / first hand Information - an original document, eyewitness story, quote, or original creation. Ex: a speech, a painting, an autobiography

Secondary Source

accounts written "after the fact" by people who did not directly witness nor participate in the event. Ex: Biography, textbook, news article

Bias

favoring one person or argument over another, with unreasoned judgment ie. one-sided.

Push Factors

usually a negative reason people want to leave their home country Ex: famine, persecution, war

Pull Factors

on opportunity that makes people want to go to a certain place Ex. better job opportunities, better education

chronology/chronological order

arrangement of events in order of which they happen

Economy/Economics

$$$ how people manage limited resources, produce, buy and sell goods and services $$$

Export

something that one country sells and sends to another country to make a profit $$$ Ex: The US sells lumber to Japan

Import

something that a country buys from another country - usually because it cannot produce it Ex: The US buys computers made in China

Northwest Passage

waterway through, or around North America to Asia

Columbian Exchange

a global transfer of goods and ideas across the Atlantic Ocean Ex: Columbus brought horses, crops, and diseases to North America

Mercantilism

European system of regulating trade between the colonies and their " mother country" to make the "mother country" rich. $$$ This limited the colonies' trade with other nations. Ex: raw material such as lumber was sent to Great Britain in exchange for manufactured goods - furniture

Cash Crop

agricultural product that is grown for the sole purpose of selling it to make a profit $$$ Ex: indigo, tobacco, and cotton ...

Salutary Neglect

Great Britain was ignoring the 13 Colonies prior to the French and Indian War and letting the colonies govern themselves while assuming British rule.

Parliament

Great Britain's government (law making body) made of representatives

English Bill of Rights

*1689* 1. protected the rights of individual, 2. gave anyone accused of a crime the right to a trial by jury, 3. established that rulers couldn't raise taxes without Parliament approval Fundamental Orders of Connecticut First state constitution written in America - extended suffrage by allowing non-church members to vote.

Great Awakening

Period of huge religious revival throughout the colonies, with emotional preaching by Jonathon Edwards and George Whitefield. Effect: Many new Protestant churches were established.

House of Burgesses

1st representative government, established in Jamestown, VA to make laws for the settlement.

Jamestown, Virginia

1607 - 1st permanent/successful English settlement in America.

Magna Carta "Great Charter"

- 1215 - 1.) Monarchs/kings have to obey laws 2.) Citizens have basic rights. 3.) It limited the king's ability to tax English nobles. 4.) It guaranteed due process - "Trial by Jury".

Mayflower Compact

-1620- Agreement signed by the Pilgrims and "strangers" while still on the Mayflower/boat They all agreed to establish a self-government - rules for the settlement. ** First step toward representative government.

Mercantilism

An economic policy to increase Mother Country's wealth and power by obtaining natural resources from colonies - then - selling manufactured goods back to the colonies for a higher price.

Middle Passage

The most dangerous leg of the Triangular Trade where millions of people from Africa were kidnapped, sold, and shipped as slaves to the Americas.

Parliament

Great Britain's legislature/law making body.

Plantation System

Very large farms in the Southern Colonies where cash crops such as cotton, indigo, rice, and tobacco are gorwn a.k.a. Plantation Agriculture.

Religious Persecution

The mistreatment of an individual or group because of their religious beliefs. Ex: Pilgrims

Representative Government

A government system that allowed the people to vote and elect officials to represent the them in making laws.

Trans Atlantic Slave Trade

The trading of slaves across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to Europe, North, Central, and South America.

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims in 1620 and will become the Massachusetts Bay colony.

Triangular Trade

A systematic trading network in which goods and slaves were traded among North and South America, the West Indies, Britain, Europe, and Africa.

Declaration of Independence

July 4th, 1776 - Thomas Jefferson listed specific grievances against George III's government and expressed basic principles that justified the separation from Great Britain.

Battle of Yorktown

1781 - Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. British Commander Charles Cornwallis and his troops were trapped by the French and the American Army.

Unalienable Rights

Basic natural rights that cannot be taken away from the people such as "life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness". These rights are stated in the Declaration of Independence.

Grievances

Complaints - List of wrongs done by the king to the American Colonies. Thomas Jefferson listed many of these in the Declaration of Independence. Ex: for Quartering troops in private homes, waging war on the colonies, taxing without our consent.

Battle of Saratoga

(1777) Turning Point of the American Revolution It showed the French that the Americans could beat the British - it convinced the French to give the U.S. supplies and support.

Valley Forge

(1777-1778) George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a freezing cold winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Many died from diseases and starvation, but they also received badly needed training from a German volunteer - the Baron von Steuben

Articles of Confederation

Our nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. This constitution made the National Gov. weak because states held most of the power. The national Gov. did not have the power to tax, regulate trade, or have a president.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War - recognized the independence of the American colonies - and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida and from the Atlantic to Mississippi.

2nd Continental Congress

1) Sent the "Olive Branch Petition" 2)Created a continental army with George Washington as the leader. 3)Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from England.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped 45 tons of tea into Boston Harbor. No one was injured in this protest.

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

in response to Boston Tea Party, 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, extended the quartering of troop's, and returned Canada to the French

Battle of Lexington and Concord

1st battle of Revolutionary War; "shot heard around the world"

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

1776 - Pamphlet that encouraged the Colonists to fight the British, and helped establish the Declaration of Independence

free enterprise system

An economic system in which people are free to operate their businesses as they see fit, with little government interference.

Civil disobedience

Nonviolent protest against unjust laws - example: Boston Tea Party

Boycott

a refusal to buy or use goods and services in protest or bring about change

Writs of Assistance

search warrants used to enter homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods

Executive Branch

Carries out the laws - the president is in charge

Anti-Federalists

Did NOT support the constitution and a strong federal government. They wanted a Bill of Rights & stronger state government.

Federalist

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates of 1787

Ratify/Ratification

To approve

Northwest Ordinance

Law that described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed and how a territory would become a state

Shay's Rebellion

Angry farmers protest state government taxes in Massachusetts and prove the Articles of Confederation are too weak to govern

Legislative Branch

Branch of government that makes the laws. It has "two houses" - the House of Representatives and the Senate - Representatives and Senators meet in Congress - the Capital Building

Judicial Branch

Branch of government that decides if laws are carried out fairly. This is the Supreme Court in which the 9 judges can decide if laws made by Congress are unconstitutional

Federalist Papers

Essays written by Federalist to convince states to ratify the new constitution.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress (equal representation in Congress)

Virginia Plan

Representation based on a state's population in both houses of Congress. The plan favored larger states.

Great Compromise

A compromise that proposed two houses of Congress; one where a state's population would determine representation and another where all states were represented equally

Three Fifths Compromise

Agreement at the constitutional Convention that 3/5 of the slaves in any state be counted in its population. 5 slaves = 3 persons.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Checks and Balances

Each branch of government can check the powers of the other branches to prevent any branch of gov. from becoming too powerful.

Separation of Powers

Division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches

Republicanism

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws.

Popular Sovereignty

A government in which the people rule - the consent of the governed

Birthright citizenship

Those born in America or have US citizens as parents, are citizens

Whiskey Rebellion

Pennsylvania revolt against Hamilton's plan to put taxes on whiskey. Washington stopped revolt without a shot being fired. Rebellion proved the strength of the government under the Constitution.

Naturalization

A legal process by which someone from another country is made into a US citizen

Precedent

An action taken for the first time, which is followed by others afterwards

Political parties

Associations that try to elect their members to government offices so that they will pass laws favorable to their ideas

Federalists

Political party that favored a strong central government as well as Hamilton's financial plan and was mainly supported by merchants and manufacturers

Democratic - Republicans

Political party that followed Jeffersons opinion of a more limited government, favoring states rights, and was mainly supported by Farmer and skilled craftsman

XYZ Affair

John Adams prevents the undeclared war with France called the Quasi-War after France demands a bribe to stop the impressment of American ships and sailors. The name derives from the substitution of the letters X, Y, and Z for the names of French diplomats listed in documents released by the Adams administration.

Alien & Sedition Act

Laws passed by John Adams to stop from criticizing Adams's Federalist policies. It also made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen, allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were deemed dangerous and criminalized statements that were critical of the federal government

Judicial Review

With the case Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court gained the power to decide whether laws passed by congress were constitutional and reject laws that it considered unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase

The land was purchased from France in 1803 by Thomas Jefferson for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase DOUBLED THE SIZE OF THE U.S. expanding American from the Mississippi R. to the Rocky Mountains.

Embargo Act

Thomas Jefferson forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of France and Britain. Instead, the act slowed the economy of New England and the south.

Corps of Discovery

The group led by Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and Sacajawea that began in 1804 to explore the Louisiana Territory, a.k.a. Lewis & Clark Expedition.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service, The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.

John Marshall

First Chief Justice, of the Supreme Court that created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that set up the supremacy of the Constitution.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson used personal friends as unofficial advisors over his official cabinet

Spoils System

Andrew Jackson was rewarding supporters with government jobs

Suffrage

The right to vote

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

John C. Calhoun

He was vice president under Andrew Jackson and Senator from South Carolina. He was for state's rights, limited government, and nullification.

Worcester v. Georgia

The state of Georgia tried to remove the Cherokee Indians from their land in Georgia. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee Indians - they were entitled to live on their land in Georgia. However Andrew Jackson ignored the Supreme Court decision and forced the Cherokee to move to Oklahoma.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands in Georgia. They had to travel more than 800 miles west to the Indian Territory - Oklahoma. Thousands of Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Indian Removal Act

Law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River to Indian territory which is the state of Oklahoma.

Common Man

The average American citizen whose concerns are represented in government, White male suffrage expanded. Andrew Jackson was elected 7th President as a representation of the common man.

nullify

to cancel a law or decision

Nullification Crisis

South was mad about the Tariff of Abominations. John C. Calhoun supported States' Rights and said they had a right to nullify a law. In 1832 the tariff was lowered. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act, and threatened to secede; Jackson was furious, so he passed the Force Bill which said that Jackson can use the army to enforce the tariff

Tariff of Abomination

Name used by southerners to the high tariff of 1828. Southerners felt the tariff benefited only northern manufacturers and hurt southerners by raising prices on imported goods.

secede

to leave or withdraw

Jacksonian Democracy

the philosophy (associated with President Andrew Jackson) that the right to vote should be extended to all adult male citizen and that all government offices of any importance should be filled by election

Battle of New Orleans

made Andrew Jackson a hero and was the last major conflict of the war of 1812

Force Bill

A law passed by Congress when South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union over the Tariff of 1832. Congress gave permission for Jackson to use the army and navy to uphold the federal law. South Carolina backed down.

Bank War

Political battle between Jackson, Clay and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the U.S. Bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter and removed the money from the National Bank to State Banks ( "pet banks") .

Nationalism

Strong feelings of pride in and devotion to one's country; increased significantly after the War of 1812

Democratic-Republicans

An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government