Exam #2

The respiratory, phonatory/laryngeal, and articulatory/resonatory systems

pulmonary aparatus

section of the respiratory system made up of the lungs and airwways where gas exchange of O2 and CO2 is conducted

bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs

What are the three portions of the pulmonary apparatus?

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

What are the three portions of the bronchial tree?

bronchial tree

branching system of hollow tubes that transmit air to and from the lungs

trachea

the windpipe; connected the pharynx and the lungs; lined with epithelium and cilia

cilia

tiny hairlike projections found lining the trachea; act as a filtering system to clean the air going into the lungs and prevent foreign objects from entering the lungs

trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli → lungs

What is the progression of air from the trachea to the lungs?

large service area for respiration

What is the advantage of the many different branches of the bronchial tree?

carina

where the trachea splits into the two branches of the primary bronchi

alveoli

circular globules found at the end of the bronchial tree; millions found in the lungs; provide vascular support; have thin walls allowing for easy gas exchange

thin walls

What do alveoli and capillaries have that allows for easy gas exchange?

three lobes

How many lobes does the right lung have?

upper right lobe, middle right lobe, lower right lobe

What are the three lobes of the right lung?

two lobes

How many lobes does the left lung have?

upper left lung and lower left lung

What are the two lobes of the left lung?

chest wall

protective cavity that encases the pulmonary apparatus; made up of the rib cage, abdominal wall, abdomen, and diaphragm

thoracic cavity

cavity made up of the rib cage and diaphragm; houses the lungs and chest

abdominal cavity

cavity made up of the abdomen and abdominal wall

diaphragm

What structure forms the barrier between the inferior abdominal cavity and superior thoracic cavity?

diaphragm

the main muscle of respiration; when contracts, increases volume of lungs for inhalation; when relaxes, decreases volume of lungs for exhalation

external intercostal muscles

muscles found between the ribs that assist in inspiration by increasing the diameter of the chest

internal intercostal muscles

muscles found between the ribs that assist in expiration by pulling the rib cage down

pleurae

protective surrounding of the lungs; provides a smooth surface for the lungs and thorax to move against each other

pleural linkage

linkage between the lungs and thorax (movement of one impacts the other)

negative pressure

(Positive/negative) pressure in the pleural space keeps the thorax and lungs connected.

parietal pleura

outermost layer of pleura

visceral pleura

innermost layer of pleura

pleural space

the space between the layers of the pleura and the lungs; negative pressure

mediastinum

the space between the two lungs; houses the heart

inversely related

Volume and pressure are (inversely/directly) proportional.

40-70

What is the normal breaths per minute (BPM) for infants when they are awake?

25

What is the normal breaths per minute (BPM) for a 5 year old?

19

What is the normal breaths per minute (BPM) for a 7 year old?

16

What is the normal breaths per minute (BPM) for a male 10 year old?

18

What is the normal breaths per minute (BPM) for a female 10 year old?

20

What is the normal breaths per minute (BPM) for a 15 year old?

12-18

What is the normal breaths per minute (BPM) for an adult at rest?

21

What is the normal breaths per minute (BPM) for an male adult during heavy activity?

30

What is the normal breaths per minute (BPM) for an female adult during heavy activity?

spirometry

method used to measure the volume and pressure of air during respiration; also used theraputically to help patients recover from surgery affecting their respiration; most common method of pulmonary function testing

spirometer

a device that measure the amount of air an individual inhales or exhales and the rate at which the air is moved into or out of the lungs; records air volume and air flow in relation to resting expiratory volume

lung volume

the amount of air in the lungs at any given time AND how much of the air is used for various purposes (ex: speech, singing)

tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume

What are the four types of lung volumes we can measure?

tidal volume (TV)

volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of respiration; varies depending on age, build, and physical activity

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume; further inhalation after a normal inhalation (like a deep breath vs normal breath)

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume; exhalation after normal exhalation (“let out all your air”)

residual volume (RV)

volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration that cannot be voluntarily expelled; always present

smaller

Infants have a (smaller/larger) residual volume (RV) than adults because their lungs are much larger in relation to their thorax than in adults.

lung capacities

the volumes of the lungs combined in various ways

vital capacity, functional residual, capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity

What are the four lung capacities?

vital capacity (VC)

volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation; combination of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

IRV + TV + ERV

IRV + TV + ERV = VC

What is the formula for vital capacity?

functional residual capacity (FRC)

volume of air remaining in the lungs and airways at the end-expiratory level (after a normal exhalation); combination of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

ERV + RV = FRC

What is the formula for functional residual capacity?

total lung capacity (TLC)

total amount of air the lungs can hold; varies with age and gender; combination of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume

TV + IRV +ERV + RV = TLC

What is the formula for total lung capacity?

inspiratory capctiy (IC)

maximum volume of air that can be inspired from end-expiratory level (after normal exhalation); combination of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

TV + IRV = IC

What is the formula for inspiratory capacity?

breathing for life

breathing that is regular, automatic, and unconscious; rate and extent is determined by your current bodily needs

breathing for speech

breathing that is semi-conscious and requires appropriate ventilation at certain points so as not to interrupt the flow of conversation; requires adequate inhalation and exhalation for more than a few syllables

40:60

What is the ratio of inhale: exhale for breathing for life?

10:90

What is the ratio of inhale: exhale for breathing for speech?

nose

Where is the typical location of air intake when breathing for life?

mouth

Where is the typical location of air intake when breathing for speech?

10% vital capacity

What percentage of vital capacity is used when breathing for life?

up to 25% vital capacity

What percentage of vital capacity is used when breathing for speech?

passive exhalation

Is exhalation passive or active during breathing for life?

active exhalation

Is exhalation passive or active during breathing for speech?

abdomen displaced outward relative to the rib cage

What is the chest wall position like when breathing for life?

abdomen displaced inward relative to the rib cage

What is the chest wall position like when breathing for speech?

variations in fundamental frequency and intensity, syllable and word stress, and emphasis

When breathing for speech, respiration is involved in the prosodic aspects of speech. What are the prosodic aspects of speech affected?

emergence

the first stage of breathing for speech; birth - 3 y.o.; infants change lung volume by moving diaphragm instead of rib cage and use inspiratory muscle activity during expiration

refinement

the second stage of breathing for speech; 3 y.o.-16 y.o.; speech has emerged but is not quite yet at the adult model; more mature (but still developing) efficiency, with bigger inhales and larger lung volumes than adults

less flexibility and movement within respiration system

Why do older adults sometimes have trouble speaking?

pumonary function testing (PFT)

variety of tests that assess the amount of air an individual is able to inhale and exhale and how efficient the person moves air into and out of the lungs

dyspnea

respiratory disorder in which their is perceived discomfort in breathing and shortness of breath; can range from mild to extreme

stridor

respiratory disorder in which there is an audible sound (low or high pitched) that occurs during inspiration and/or expiration; usually means there is obstruction within the airway

laryngeal skeleton

part of the skeleton made up of the hyoid bone and nine cartilages

hyoid bone

“floating” bone that serves as the attachment for the tongue

thyrohyoid membrane

sheet of membrane that suspends the hyoid bone and connects to the rest of the membranes

thryoid notch

v shaped notch in the thyroid cartilage

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis cartilages

What are the three unpaired cartilages (there is only one of them)?

thyroid cartilage

an unpaired cartilgae that forms the front part of the larynx; made up of tough, flexible tissue

cricoid cartilage

one of the unpaired cartilages; complete ring of cartilage between the trachea and thyroid cartilage; has two articular facets

epiglottis

one of the unpaired cartilages; broad leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that protects the larynx during swallowing; when at rest, is pointed up, allowing air in

vallecula

wedge-shaped depression between the base of the tongue and the anterior surface of the epiglottis

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform cartilages

What are the three paired cartilages (there are two pieces of the cartilage on symmetrical sides in relation to each other)?

arytenoid cartilage

the only paired cartilage important for speech; has two projections from its base, the elastic vocal process and muscular process

cricoarytenoid joint

laryngeal joint that functions in vocal fold adduction and abduction; swivel and slide to move the vocal folds

adduction

bringing the vocal folds together

abduction

bringing the vocal folds apart

cricothyroid joint

laryngeal joint that tilts the thyroid cartilage downward or the cricoid cartilage upward; increases the distance between the vocal folds, stretching them thin or compressing them thick

affects the fundamental frequency and pitch of sounds produced

lumen

hollow tube inside the larynx with three sets of valves that open and close

aryepiglottic folds, false vocal folds, true vocal folds

What are the three valves that open and close within the lumen