animal husbandry

cat eats 300g fish per day with 20% DM and 20MJ/kgDM gross energy

excretes 100g faeces per day with 10% DM and 12 MJ/kgDM gross energy

1. how much DM does cat eat each day

2. 2. how much gross energy does cat eat each day

3. what is apparent digestibility of dry matter and of gross energy

1. 60

2. 0.06kg x 20 = 1.2

3. 10/60 = 16.66% lost so 100-16.66 = 83.8% digested

   eats 1.2MJ, excretes 0.12MJ - 0.12/1.2 = 10% lost

star

stripe

blaze

snip

white face

ermine marks - black spots on white coronet

what age does deciduos incisors erupt

01s - 6 days

02s - 6 weeks

03s - 6 months

age at which permanent incisors erupt

01s - 2.5 yrs

02s - 3.5yrs

03s - 4.5yrs

at what age do the cups in teeth leave

6,7,8 yrs

age at which cheek teeth erupt

06s - 2.5yrs

07s - 3yrs

08s - 4yrs

09s - 1yr

10s - 2yrs

11s - 3.5yrs

straw bedding

comfortable

relatively absorbent

easy disposable

cheap

cons = edible - could impact colic, potentially allergenic = dust and fungal spores

wood shavings bedding

comfortable

very absorbent

less allergenic dust

cons = expensive, disposable difficult, accidental ingestion

common bedding for horses

shredded paper

sand

hemp/flax

wood pellets

rubber matting

horse bedding systems

mucked out once/ twice a day

deep litter system - empty at least once or twice over winter - only remove faeces daily and add fresh bedding

horse vaccinations

equine influenza

tetnus

equine herpes virus

equine viral arteritis

water intake of horse

50/ml/kgBW/day

approx 25L/day

water intake of lacating mares

70-100ml fluid/kgBW

averga DM intake of horse

2-2.5% BW/day

min 1% BW/day

constituents of food for horse

forage

concentrates

protein

macrominerals

microminerals

supplements

energy required for light work horse

M + 25%

energy required for moderate work

M + 50%

energy required for intensive work

M + 100%

energy for breeding

• Early gestattion = M only  

• Late gestattion = step-wise increase to M + 20% at term 

• Ealy lactation = M x 2  

• Late lactation = M + 25% 

• Stallion in breeding season = M + 25% 

causative factors for negative energy balance

• Competition for Nutrients – intestinal parasites   

• Lactation  

• Pregnancy  

• Workload 

• Owner factors – ignorance, neglect, cruelty, poverty 

• Herd hierarchy – bullying, competition for food 

• Access to adequate pasture – overstocking, overgrazing paddocks, soiled/weed infested  

• Decreased ability to- swallow food, absorb food, utilise food  

• e.g. Cushing's, GI tract condition (hepatic disease), dental disorders(quidding is indicator), energy losses   

• Environmental conditions  

• Growth  

typical body composition of a horse

water = 60%

protein = 20%

fat = 12%

minerals = 7%

carbohydrate and stored carbohydrate = 1% and <1% stored

most variable component of body composition of horse

fat

minimium amount of dietary fibre for horse

1% of body mass as daily DMI

2 forms of starvation

Simple  

• Small reduction in intake  

• Adaptive response = decreased BMR, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis increases 

• Most horses can survive 2-3 days of acute starvation 

• Fat ponies and donkeys, pregnant mare = susceptible to hyperlipaemia  

• Rare  

Stressed 

• Die to systemic illness or injury  

• Increased BMR 

• Early glycogneolysis rapidly depletes glycogen stores 

• Organ dysfunction, immuno-compromise, poor tissue repair 

• Difficult to halt weight loss 

re-feeding a thing horse

start low and go slow

25-75% of maintanence energy for 1st 2-5days then increase to 125%maintanence over next few days

avoid high carbohydrate foods

causative factors for excess body condition

overfeeding

lack of exercise

yr round access to good quality food in excesss

rugs, stables and winter feed

major consequences of equine obesity

osteoarthirits

respiratory dysfunction

equine metabolic syndrome

laminitis

safe rate of weightloss for horses

0.5-1% BW/ week

what to feed to encourage weightloss in horses

• High level of fibre  

• Feed more bulk – 1.5-2% Bwt DMI with lower NSC, soaked hay to reduce sugar  

• Caloric restriction for medium term plan not long term  

• Long term strategies should be favourable to horses well being and welfare  

• Control food intake – grass muzzles( can cause rubs on face or damage to incisors or very small pasture/ bare pasture, easy if stabled  

• Feed 1.5% of body weight as daily DMI- achieves gradual decline in body weight  

• Soak hay for at least 6hrs  

• Feed Little and often 

• Monitor the weight loss – weight tape, BCS after 2-3 months of weight loss 

• Make sure owner is on board with decision making  

kennel club dogs

gun dogs

hounds

toy

terriers

utility

pastoral

working

core dog vaccinations

canine distemper virus

canine parovirus

canine adenovirus/ infectios canine hepatitis

leptospirosis

vaccination schedule for dog and cats

primary course - 2 vaccinations - 2-4weeks apart, from 6-10weeks of age

secondary vaccinations not before 12 weeks

black and tan breeds - 3rd parovirus vaccination around 16 weeks

annual boosters

non-core vaccination for dog and cat

kennel cough

canine herpevirus

leishmania

rabies virus

band breeds in UK

pit bull terrier

japenes tosa

fila brasileiro

xl bully

dogo argentino

how can owners keep there banned breed dogs

if on index of exempt dogs

Provided with certificate of exemption and dog must be – neutered and microchipped, muzzled and kept on lead in public, kept safe place so can't escape, unsured 

Mustn't be sold, given away or abandoned 

Index of exempt dogs must be informed if owner changes address or dog dies  

Section 3  

• Against law to let dog be dangerously out of control anywhere – in public, private place or owners home  

• Applies to all dogs  

• Out of control  - dangerously out of control if injures someone, make someone worried it might injure them, injures an assistance dog  

• Court could decide that your dog is dangerously out of control – injures someone's animal, owner of animal thinks they could be injured if someone tries to stop your dog attacking their animal  

cat wrap

cat muzzle - can upset some cats

cat restraint bag - can be stressful getting them into bag

crush cage

sexing cats

males - toms

• penile opening circular

• testes if not castrated

• gretaer anogenital distance than in female

females - queens

• shorter anogenital distance

• vulva appears as vertical slit

cat gestation

20-25% increase BW after 28 days

litter weight = 13.5%

feed increase energy after 4 weeks

130-160% of MER

weaning puppies

start at 3-4 weeks of age

fully wean at 6-8 weeks

offer food for voluntary intake

when do puppies reach half mature weight

6 months

when do puppies reach mature weight

12-24 months

what to feed pregnant queen

140-150% of MER throughout

what to feed lactating queen

2.5 x MER if greater than 2 kittens

when do kittens reach 75% of mature weight

6 months

what food do young kittens need - 12 weeks

3 x MER

feeding times for orphans

0-2 weeks = 10 feeds in 24hrs at 2-2.5hr intervals

2-4 weeks = 7 feeds in 24 hrs at 2.5-3.5hr intervals

4-5 weeks = 5 feeds in 24hrs at 3.5-5hr intervals

essential amino acids for dogs

Arginine, histidine, isoleucine, methionine, cystine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, valine  

essential fatty acids for dogs

• Linoleic acid 

• Alpha linolenic acid 

• Arachadonic acid 

• EPA/DHA 

essential minerals for dogs

• Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl 

• Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, I  

essential vitamins for dogs

A,D, E, K, B group 

feline idiosyncrasies

• Strict carnivores – vegan diets not recommended  

• Require taurine – can't synthesis from precursors 

• Need both linoleic and arachadonic acid in diet 

• Vitamin A from meat – can't convert β- carotene from veg 

• More B vitamins e.g. thiamine and niacin  

proprietary food

• Legislation/ guidelines 

• Complete and balanced 

• Quality assurance and safeguards 

• Free from toxins/ contamination 

• Easier 

• Cost  

• Risks if food plant contamination 

B.A.R.F

• More natural, enjoyable 

• Teeth cleaning 

• Health claims 

• Unbalanced 

• Bacterial contamination 

• Tooth damage 

• Foreign bodies 

• Cost 

food options for dogs and cats

home prepared food

proprietary cooked

proprietary raw

home prepared raw

grain free

vegetarian/ vegan

components of responsible pet feeding

• Make sure its safe 

• Make sure its complete and balanced  

• Make sure don’t feed too much 

• Measure food portions accurately with scales 

• Make sure its sustainable  

how often should adult cat be fed

• Solitary hunters, small prey species 

• Typically small meals 12-20/day  

• Feed small frequent meals 

• Avoid group feeding  

how often should adult dog be fed

• Cope with periods of fast-famine  

• Up to 17% BW in single setting  

• Optimal pattern not known  

• Most do 1-3 meals/day 

purpose of beef cattle

young animals for slaughter

high carcass quality

maximium growth rates or maximium utilisation of cheap feed

traditional british breeds

small mature size = low maintanence costs

early maturing

hardy - climate and environment, feed = suited to forage system

good suckler cow

continental breeds

large mature size

late maturing

higher demands

more carcass

good terminal sires

average breeding herd size

28 cows

Some females from beef will be kept back for replacement the rest and males are reared for meat  

Some female dairy cows are kept back for replacement  

suckler herd

cow = extensive - low input low output

forage based

weightloss expected - sensible

BCS for calving

2.5 for mature cows

3 for 1st and 2nd calvers

spring calvers BCS

may gain 0.5-1 BCS over summer

1 unit BCS= 13% of BW

what makes a good suckler cow

• Docile temperament giving easy management  

• Milky dams with good maternal qualities 

• Longevity  

• Fast growth and early sexual maturity  

• Excellent grass conversion ability  

• Hardiness and adaptability  

essential components for profitable suckler herd

• Low feed costs  

• Longevity  

• Tight calving pattern  

• 1x calf every 365 days  

• Low calf mortality  

• Solid replacement policy  

pro and cons of spring calving

Pro 

• Summer grass – good conception rates, good milk = good calf growth  

Con  

• Supervision more difficult as calved outside  

• Winter feeding = maintenance – cow may lose body condition, weaned calf – compensatory growth later  

pro and con of autumn calving

Pro  

• Cow in good condition  

• Easy supervision as calving inside  

• Weaned calves = higher price  

Con  

• Winter feeding = higher – breeding in winter and nursing calf  

weaning beef cows

• Typically when 6-8 months old 

• Use weaning to control BCS – wean earlier if cow poor BCS or later if high BCS 

• Wean abruptly – gradual weaning leads to delayed stress response  

• Decrease stress if concentrates beforehand  

• Separate cows and calves by good distance  

fattening stock - veal

• Dairy-bred males  

• Milk throughout, plus hard feed and straw  

• 1.2-1.4kg DLWG 

• Slaughter 6-7 months  

• Crates band – group housing>8 wo 

• Minimium dietary iron and fibre  

fattening stock rose

• Reared in approval system  

• Wean off milk at 6-12wo 

• Starchy feed and straw  

• slaughter at 8-12mo 

selling calves

<7 days illegal

no resale within 28 days

transport calves

illegal <10 days

or <14 days if journey >8 hrs

navel must be healed

creep feed

• Start min 6-12 weeks prior to weaning  

• Preserves cows BCS  

• Primes rumen for post-weaning diet  

• Avg 25kg heavier calves 

• 14-16% CP 

% weight-gain from dams milk

• Month 1 of life = 100% 

• Month 3 of life = 66% 

• Month 6 of life = 33% 

options after weaning

• Intensive – barley/silage/bull beef, finish at 12-14 mo 

• Extensive – 18/24/30 - month beef  

• Sell as store cattle = not taken through to slaughter on farm where born but sold at 6-12mo 

• Flattening/ growing cattle= weaned, reared for meat 

• Finishing cattle = last few weeks prior to slaughter -> max. Weight gain, kept clean  

barley/silage beef

• Bulls> steer, heifers 

• Late maturing breeds 

• Housed 

• Target weight – 250kg 

• DLWG >1.2kg  

• Feed conversion 5:1 

• Diet options – silage and 3kg barley, ad-lib barley and straw = both protein supply

buller - steer problem

• Pain, exhaustion, death 

• Bruising – remove ridden  

• Space = 4 m^2 

• Trough 10cm/hd

clinical problems - barley beef

• Carbohydrate overload – bloat, rumen acidosis, liver abscessation  

• Hypervitaminosis A 

• Lameness  

• Pneumonia  

common finishing weights

• 18 months = heifers 360-450kg, steers 530kg 

• 22-24 mo = steer 560kg  

feed conservation ratio and how to calculate it

how many kg feed required for 1kg weight-gain

critical aspects of housing

ventilation

cleanliness

space allowances

killing out percentage

factors affecting killing out percentage

• Nutrition = high roughage diets = lower KO% 

• Gender = bull<steers = heavier skull and skin, heifers>steers = greater fat content 

• Age = older>young = greater fat content  

• Breed = traditional> continental > dairy x beef> dairy  

queen excluder

prevents queen getting into honey supers to lay eggs so honey can be collected without destroying the hive

bee life cycle

• Starts as an egg born by the queen placed at bottom of one of the wells, develops into larva, pupa and adult 

• 21d cycle for workers and drones 

• 16d cycle for queens  

the queen bee

• Egg-laying machine  

• Mates with drones at specific site sway from hive – stores sperm  

• Can lay up to 2000 eggs/day 

• Secretes pheromones  

• Can live up to 5 yrs but usually replaced after 1-2 

• Hatch yr is marked with a spot of colour by beekeeper 

• Can sting multiple times – often reserved for rival queens  

• Can buy and be sent by post  

drones

• Hundreds of drones in summer months, all male  

• Don’t work in hive or forage  

• Sole purpose is to mate with queen  

• Die after mating and others die/ cast out in winter 

• No sting  

• Drone larvae more likely to have/ produce more varroa mite  

workers

• Sterile females 

• 35-60,000 per hive 

• Do all work  

• Nurse, feed young and queen, cleam and tidy hive, collect and use propolis to seal hive, collect water, nectar and pollen, make wax and honey, guard hive entrance  

• Produce 1 teaspoon of honey in entire life 

• Life span – 6 weeks in summer or 6 months over winter  

life of worker bee

0-6 days = cell and hive cleaning

3-9 days = feeding the brood

3-15 days = attending the queen

6-18 days = honey processing

12-20 days = wax production and comb building

15-25 days = hive ventilation

18-35 days = guard duty

20 - death = nectar collection and pollen collection

25 - death = water and propolis collection

honey bees husbandry

• Hives active only between spring and autumn when food is available  

• Nectar = sugar solution = carbohydrate = energy now and honey to store for energy over winter 

• Pollen = protein, particularly to feed brood  

• Nectar is reward plants give to insects to attract them to spread pollen between plants to fertilise them  

• Over winter queen and workers reduce their metabolic activity and survive on honey reserves they produce during summer  

• Cluster with queen in middle to make sure she survives  

• Beehive smoker = used to calm bees during inspection  

what triggers swarming

• Dilution of/ not enough of queen pheromone  

• Overcrowding  

• Bees determine that they have a chance to multiply and produce another colony that can survive next winter  

• Enough bees to split colony  

• Enough food stored in current colony  

• Enough food in environment to set up another colony  

• Weather  

other factors to bee husbandry

• Registering bees 

• Regular inspections  

• Keeping records  

• Controlling swarming  

• Controlling disease, infestation and predators 

• Harvest honey  

• Preparing hives/ bees to over-winter and feeding as necessary  

bee inspections

• Weekly in summer  

• Look for eggs/ healthy brood 

• Confirm presence of queen  

• Remove unwanted queen cells 

• Manipulate hive/ bees to prevent swarming  

• Look for diseases/ pests  

• Best carried out in good weather as many bees flying so fewer at home to sting  

pollen

• Food source – protein  

• Collected into pollen baskets 

• In honey – oral dose to reduce allergy to local pollen  

• Harvested from hive to be eaten  

nectar → honey

• Honey is bees winter food reserve 

• Leave enough for hive to eat over winter and or replace with sugar syrup or fondant  

honey harvesting

• Manual  

• Cut comb  

• Mashing  

• Centrifuge