Lab Practical 3 Secondary Material

Peristalsis

Food being moved from one stage to the next via coordinated muscle movements

Bolus

Once digestion occurred, food is called this from the mouth to the stomach

Chyme

Once food leaves the stomach, it is called this

What are the three main ingested macromolecules?

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats

What class of enzyme breaks down Proteins?

Proteases

What class of enzyme breaks down Carbohydrates?

Amylases

What class of enzyme breaks down Fats?

Lipases

What are Proteins broken down into?

Amino Acids

What are Carbohydrates broken down into?

Monosaccharides

What are Fats broken down into?

Fatty Acids

Superficial layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach

Longitudinal

Middle layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach

Circular

Deepest layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach

Oblique

Chief Cells

Synthesizes and secretes pepsinogen, a protein splitting enzyme activated by HCl of the stomach into pepsin

Parietal Cells

Synthesizes and secretes HCl and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption in the ileum

G Cells

ONLY LOCATED IN THE PYLORUS AND PYLORIC ANTRUM

Secretes gastrin, a hormone that targets parietal cells and it stimulates them to secrete even more acid and mitotic growth

I Cells

Secrete CCK in the duodenum

S Cells

Secrete Secretin

What type of teniae coli can be found on the ascending colon?

Free

What type of teniae coli can be found on the transverse colon?

Omental

What type of teniae coli can be found on the descending colon?

Free

What are the structures of the portal triad?

Portal Vein

Common Bile Duct

Proper Hepatic Artery

What is the fetal name for the Round/Teres Ligament of the Liver in the liver?

Left Umbilical Vein

What is the fetal name for the Ligamentum Venosum in the liver?

Ductus Venosus

What is the adult name for the Ductus Venosus in the liver?

Ligamentum Venosum

What is the adult name for the Left Umbilical Vein in the liver?

Round/Teres Ligament of the Liver

Where is bile synthesized?

Liver

Where is bile stored?

Gallbladder

What is the chemical signal that stimulates the secretion of bile and which cells secrete it?

CCK, I-Cells

What is the function of bile?

Breaking down fats into fatty acids, helping the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), neutralizing stomach acid before it enters the intestines, and flushing waste products like cholesterol and bilirubin from the body

What is the flow of urine through the calyces?

Minor Calyx → Major Calyx → Renal Pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra

Which pelvic floor muscles are part of the levator ani group?

Pubococcygeus, Puborectalis, Iliococcygeus

At what level can the iliac crest be palpated?

L4

What are the two ligaments of the pelvis and their attachment points?

Sacrospinous Ligament - Sacrum to the Ischial Spine

Sacrotuberous Ligament - Sacrum to the Ischial Tuberosity (as well as the posterior iliac spines)

What is the contents of the greater sciatic foramen?

Greater Sciatic Foramen

Piriformis Muscle

Sciatic Nerve

What is the contents of the lesser sciatic foramen?

Lesser Sciatic Foramen

Obturator Internus Muscle

Pudendal Nerve

What is the innervation of the internal anal sphincter?

Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary)

What is the innervation of the external anal sphincter?

Pudendal Nerve (S2, S3, S4)

What are the homologous structures between genetic male and female?

Glans Penis → Glans Clitoris

Cowper’s Gland/Bulbourethral Gland → Bartholin’s Gland/Greater Vestibular Gland

Where in the female reproductive tract do most fertilizations take place?

Ampulla

What is the name of the broad ligament where it covers the ovary?

Mesovarium

What is the name of the broad ligament where it covers the uterus?

Mesometrium

What is the name of the broad ligament where it covers the fallopian tube?

Mesosalpinx

What structures are part of the pathway of sperm in order? (SEVEN UP)

Seminiferous Tubules

Epididymis

Vas Deferens

Ejaculatory Duct

Nothing

Urethra

Penis

What are the parts of the male urethra?

Pre-Prostatic

Prostatic

Membranous

Spongy