1/58
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
Nature
The genetic transdermal of traits from parent to offspring that influence physical, behavioral, and mental processes.
Nuture
Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutritional to the people and things that surround us.
Genetic Predisposition
Increased likelihood of developing a condition due to inherited genetic variations.
Epigenetics
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
Evolutionary perspective
How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpectuaion of one’s genes
Eugenics
Unethical application of principles of natural selection on the human race, aimed to “improve” the genetic quality of human population.
Twin studies
Allows researchers to examine the influences of herdicaty and environmental conditions ethically
Somatic nervous system
Controls the body’s skeletal muscles (VOLUNTARY)
Autonomic Nervous system
Controls organs and glands (INVOLUNTARY)
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight/flight/freeze
Parasympathetic nervous system
Rest + digest
Glial cells
Non-neuronal cells that support, nourish, and clean up waste of neurons (ex: shwann cells that make up the myelin sheath))
Reflex arc
Nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, including a sensory nerve, a motor nerve, and a synapse between.
Sensory neurons
Carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the CNS
Motor neurons
Carry movement informatino away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body.
Interneurouns
Connect the sensory and motor neurons (located wholly in the spinal cord)
All-or-nothing principal
Idea that action potential only occurs if threshold is reached; neuron fires maximally or not at all
Action potential
A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane.
Depolarization
Na+ gates open and Na+ irons flow inside the axon, resulting in change in charge to negative to positive.
Repolarization
Axon membrane potential returns to its resting negative state through K+ leaving the axon.
Refractory period
Ions are distributed back to resting potential state; Na+ back out, K+ back in; cannot fire during this time
Resting potential
Neurons are not firing but are able to (-70 mV)
Reuptake
Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed by the sending neuron, applies the breaks on neurotransmitters action and stops the signal
Firing threshold
Critical point that must be reached for a neuron to fire.
Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disorder caused my the deterioration of the myelin sheath sheath; communication to muscles slows, eventual loss of muscle control
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disorder where antibodies bind to ACh receptor and block it, preventing it fron binding to skeletal muscles
Dopamine
Excitatory and inhibitory; The pleasure chemical; motivates us to repeat behaviors we find rewarding (eating, social interaction, sleeping)
Serotonin
Excitatory and inhibitory; The calming chemical; Involved in mood, appetite, and sleep regulation; undersupply linked to depression
Norepinephrine
Excitatory or inhibitory; Alertness, concentration; Fight/flight/freeze responses
Glutamate
Excitatory; Ability to focus, sleep/wake cycle, mood regulation, learning;
GABA
Inhibitory; Reduces neural activity; produces calming effect, sleep/wake cycle; Helps relax after stress-induced NT release
Endorphins
Inhibitory; Body’s opioids; relieves pain, creates feelings of well-being
Substance P
Transmits pain signals from body to brain; released during physical injury, stress, or inflammation
Acetylcholine
Excitatory and inhibitory; Learning, memory, attention; Skeletal muscle contractions; interneuron
Adrenaline
Adrenal glands; f/f/f response
Leptin
Decreases appetite; Made by fat tissue
Ghelin
Increases appetite; Made by stomach
Melatonin
Sleepy hormone; Pineal gland
Oxytocin
Bonding hormone; labor contracts, nursing, sex
Cortisol
Stress hormone; Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
Master gland in endocrine system; stimulates other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
Agonist
Drug or molecule that mimics an NT action
Antagonist
Drug or molecule that blocks an NT action
Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Drugs that precent the reabsorption of neurotransmitters to help treat mood disorders.
Psychoactive Drugs
Drugs that alter psychological functioning by modulating central nervous system activity
Alcohol
Depressant; Releases glutamate —> slows things down; increases dopamine
Caffeine
Stimulant; Blocks adenosine
Methamphetamine
Stimulant; Releases dopamine, then depletes
Nicotine
Stimulant; Releases dopamine and glutamate
LSD
Hallucinogen; Alters response to serotonin
Heroin
Opioid; Release of dopamine and endorphins; Inhibits GABA
Barbiturate
Depressant; Depresses nervous system activity
Cocaine
Stimulant; Release of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Marijuana
Mild hallucinogen; Release of GABA and dopamine
Ecstasy
Stimulant, mild hallucinogen; Release of dopamine, prolongs effects of serotonin
Fentanyl
Opioid; Release of dopamine, decrease of GABA
Tolerance
Diminished response to a drug as a result of repeated use.
Dependence
The body’s reliance on a drug as a result of repeated use.
Withdrawal symptoms
Symptoms experienced as a result of the stopping of taking drugs after developing a dependence.