Units 1.1 + 1.2 + 1.3

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59 Terms

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Nature

The genetic transdermal of traits from parent to offspring that influence physical, behavioral, and mental processes.

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Nuture

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutritional to the people and things that surround us.

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Genetic Predisposition

Increased likelihood of developing a condition due to inherited genetic variations.

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Epigenetics

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

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Evolutionary perspective

How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpectuaion of one’s genes

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Eugenics

Unethical application of principles of natural selection on the human race, aimed to “improve” the genetic quality of human population.

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Twin studies

Allows researchers to examine the influences of herdicaty and environmental conditions ethically

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Somatic nervous system

Controls the body’s skeletal muscles (VOLUNTARY)

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Autonomic Nervous system

Controls organs and glands (INVOLUNTARY)

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Sympathetic nervous system

Fight/flight/freeze

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Parasympathetic nervous system

Rest + digest

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Glial cells

Non-neuronal cells that support, nourish, and clean up waste of neurons (ex: shwann cells that make up the myelin sheath))

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Reflex arc

Nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, including a sensory nerve, a motor nerve, and a synapse between.

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Sensory neurons

Carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the CNS

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Motor neurons

Carry movement informatino away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body.

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Interneurouns

Connect the sensory and motor neurons (located wholly in the spinal cord)

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All-or-nothing principal

Idea that action potential only occurs if threshold is reached; neuron fires maximally or not at all

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Action potential

A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane.

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Depolarization

Na+ gates open and Na+ irons flow inside the axon, resulting in change in charge to negative to positive.

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Repolarization

Axon membrane potential returns to its resting negative state through K+ leaving the axon.

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Refractory period

Ions are distributed back to resting potential state; Na+ back out, K+ back in; cannot fire during this time

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Resting potential

Neurons are not firing but are able to (-70 mV)

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Reuptake

Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed by the sending neuron, applies the breaks on neurotransmitters action and stops the signal

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Firing threshold

Critical point that must be reached for a neuron to fire.

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Multiple sclerosis

Autoimmune disorder caused my the deterioration of the myelin sheath sheath; communication to muscles slows, eventual loss of muscle control

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Myasthenia gravis

Autoimmune disorder where antibodies bind to ACh receptor and block it, preventing it fron binding to skeletal muscles

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Dopamine

Excitatory and inhibitory; The pleasure chemical; motivates us to repeat behaviors we find rewarding (eating, social interaction, sleeping)

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Serotonin

Excitatory and inhibitory; The calming chemical; Involved in mood, appetite, and sleep regulation; undersupply linked to depression

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Norepinephrine

Excitatory or inhibitory; Alertness, concentration; Fight/flight/freeze responses

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Glutamate

Excitatory; Ability to focus, sleep/wake cycle, mood regulation, learning;

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GABA

Inhibitory; Reduces neural activity; produces calming effect, sleep/wake cycle; Helps relax after stress-induced NT release

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Endorphins

Inhibitory; Body’s opioids; relieves pain, creates feelings of well-being

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Substance P

Transmits pain signals from body to brain; released during physical injury, stress, or inflammation

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Acetylcholine

Excitatory and inhibitory; Learning, memory, attention; Skeletal muscle contractions; interneuron

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Adrenaline

Adrenal glands; f/f/f response

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Leptin

Decreases appetite; Made by fat tissue

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Ghelin

Increases appetite; Made by stomach

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Melatonin

Sleepy hormone; Pineal gland

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Oxytocin

Bonding hormone; labor contracts, nursing, sex

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Cortisol

Stress hormone; Pituitary gland

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Pituitary gland

Master gland in endocrine system; stimulates other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

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Agonist

Drug or molecule that mimics an NT action

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Antagonist

Drug or molecule that blocks an NT action

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Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Drugs that precent the reabsorption of neurotransmitters to help treat mood disorders.

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Psychoactive Drugs

Drugs that alter psychological functioning by modulating central nervous system activity

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Alcohol

Depressant; Releases glutamate —> slows things down; increases dopamine

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Caffeine

Stimulant; Blocks adenosine

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Methamphetamine

Stimulant; Releases dopamine, then depletes

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Nicotine

Stimulant; Releases dopamine and glutamate

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LSD

Hallucinogen; Alters response to serotonin

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Heroin

Opioid; Release of dopamine and endorphins; Inhibits GABA

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Barbiturate

Depressant; Depresses nervous system activity

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Cocaine

Stimulant; Release of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

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Marijuana

Mild hallucinogen; Release of GABA and dopamine

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Ecstasy

Stimulant, mild hallucinogen; Release of dopamine, prolongs effects of serotonin

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Fentanyl

Opioid; Release of dopamine, decrease of GABA

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Tolerance

Diminished response to a drug as a result of repeated use.

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Dependence

The body’s reliance on a drug as a result of repeated use.

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Withdrawal symptoms

Symptoms experienced as a result of the stopping of taking drugs after developing a dependence.