CONCEPTS

Proverbs 16:3

Pharmaceutical Calculation

It is the area of study that applies the basic principles of mathematics to the preparation and safe and effective use of pharmaceuticals.

A. Pharmaceutical calculations
B. Physical pharmacy
C. Pharmaceutical analysis
D. Pharmacokinetics

Ratio

The relative magnitude of two quantities is called ______ ?

A. Proportion
B. Fraction
C. Integer
D. Ratio

Proportion

It is defined as the expression of the equality of two ratios.

A. Proportion
B. Fraction
C. Integer
D. Ratio

parts per hundred

The term percent and its corresponding sign % means _____

A. parts per hundred
B. parts per thousand
C. parts per million
D. parts per billion

D. I, II, III and IV

When performing pharmaceutical calculations, some students prefer to use a method that involves the logical sequencing and placement of a series of ratios (termed factors) into an equation:
I. Dimensional analysis
II. Factor analysis
III. Factor-label method
IV. Unit-factor method

A. I only
B. I and II
C. I, II and III
D. I, II, III and IV

Significant figures

These are consecutive figures that express the value of a denominate number accurately enough for a given purpose:

A. Exponential notation
B. Integers
C. Variations
D. Significant figures

Dimensional Analysis

Also known as factor analysis, factor-label method, or unit-factor method.

• Factor analysis

• Factor-label method

• Unit-factor method

Dimensional Analysis is aka ____ [3]

Dimensional Analysis

______ - involves the logical sequencing and placement of a series of ratios (termed factors) into an equation.

Metric system

International System of Units (SI), formerly called the _____ ?

International System of Units (SI) [ formerly “metric system”)

[Type of System Measurement]

_____- is the internationally recognized decimal system of weights and measures.

B. International System of Units

It is formerly called the metric system and the internationally recognized decimal system of weights and measures:
A. Apothecaries’ system
B. International System of Units
C. Avoirdupois system
D. English system

Avoirdupois system

A system of measure widely used in the United States in measuring body weight and in selling goods by the ounce or pound.

A. Apothecaries’ system
B. International System of Units
C. Avoirdupois system
D. English system

Apothecary system

A system of measure which was once the predominant pharmacist’s system of volumetric and weight measure

A. Apothecaries’ system
B. International System of Units
C. Avoirdupois system
D. English system

• Metrification

• Metric transition

The process of changing from the common systems and units of measurement (e.g., pounds, feet, gallons) to the SI metric system is termed:

A. Metrification
B. Metric transition
C. A and B
D. None of the above

Metrification

Metric transition is aka ____ ?

Nano

Subdivisions of one billionth (10^-9) of the basic unit mean: ____ ?

A. Nano
B. Micro
C. Centi
D. Milli

Micro

Subdivisions of one millionth (10^-6) of the basic unit mean:

A. Nano
B. Micro
C. Centi
D. Milli

Tera

Multiples of one trillion times (10¹²) the basic unit mean: ___ ?

A. Mega
B. Giga
C. Tera
D. Peta

Kilograms

It is considered as the historic base unit of mass (weight) in SI units which is originally defined as the mass of a liter of water, is now represented by a standard mass of platinum-iridium:

A. Kilogram
B. Gram
C. Pounds
D. Grains

A062 series of - 1989

According to _____ order

• A prescription is an order for medication issued by a physician, dentist, or other properly licensed medical practitioner.

Prescription

It is defined as an order for medication issued by a physician, dentist, or other properly licensed medical practitioner:

A. Prescription
B. Medication Order
C. Physician’s Order
D. Medication List

1. Prescriber information

2. Patient information

3. Date prescription was written

4. Rx symbol (superscription), meaning “take thou”, “you take”, or recipe

5. Medication prescribed (inscription)

6. Dispensing instructions to pharmacist (subscription)

7. Direction to the patient (signa)

8. Special instructions

Parts of a Prescription [8]

Ambulatory patient

Outpatient is aka ____patient

Medication order

____-is an order for medication and instructions written by the physician in hospitals and other institutions

C. I, II, and III

A prescription is usually written on preprinted forms containing the traditional symbol Rx which means:
I. “Recipe”
II. “Take thou”
III. “You take”
IV. “Menu”

A. I only
B. II and III
C. I, II, and III
D. I, II, III and IV

Medication order

It is an order for medication and instructions written by the physician in hospitals and other institutions:

A. Prescription
B. Medication Order
C. Physician’s Order
D. Medication List

Extemporaneous compounding

It involves the mixing, assembling, packaging, and labeling of a medication on receipt of a prescription order for a specific patient:

A. Manufacturing Pharmacy
B. Extemporaneous compounding
C. Pharmacy Compounding
D. Large-scale compounding

Superscription

Rx symbol is a typical component of the prescription, is called: _____ ?

A. Superscription
B. Subscription
C. Transcription
D. Inscription

Medication prescribed

Inscription is typically seen in a prescription order written by a licensed physician includes: ___ ?

A. Special instructions
B. Medication prescribed
C. Dispensing instructions to the RPh
D. Directions to the patient

Subscription

Dispensing instructions to the pharmacist as normally seen in a prescription is known as:______?

A. Superscription
B. Subscription
C. Transcription
D. Inscription

C. Transcription

Directions to the patient or the Signa such as “take Furosemide 20 mg po q AM” is considered: ____

A. Superscription
B. Subscription
C. Transcription
D. Inscription

12

Roman numerals are commonly used in prescription writing to designate quantities, XIJ means: ______

A. 15
B. 12
C. 14
D. 18

give of such doses

prescription filling directions such as"d.t.d. (dentur tales doses)" mean: _____

A. give of such doses
B. a sufficient quantity
C. do not repeat
D. dispense

nothing by mouth

Direction to the patient such as "n.p.o (non per os)" means: _____

A. nausea and vomiting
B. nothing by mouth
C. by mouth
D. as needed

s.o.s.: immediately

The following pairs about Signa commonly found in prescriptions are correct, except:

A. s.i.d. : once a day
B. s.o.s. : immediately
C. ut dict. : as directed
D. p.r.n. : as needed

MTX. methyldopa

The following pairs about drug abbreviations are correct, except
A. APAP: acetaminophen
B. AZT:zidovudine
C. HCTZ: hydrochlorothiazide
D. MTX. methyldopa

D. CHF: coronary heart failure (Congestive)

The following pairs about clinical abbreviations are correct, except:
A. BP: blood preasure
B. BS: blood sugar saline
C. CHD: coronary heart disease
D. CHF: coronary heart failure

C. IT: interstitial

The following pairs about route of administration abbreviations are correct, except: ____
A. ID: intradermal
B. GT: nasogastric tube
C. IT: interstitial
D. PV: vaginally

Make one capsule. Dispense 36 such doses. Do not repeat.

Interpret the following Subscription (Ft. cap. #1. DTD no.xxxvi N.R.) taken from a prescription:

A. Dispense thirty six such doses. Do not repeat.
B. Mix and make capsules. Dispense 48 such doses.
C. Make one capsule. Dispense 36 such doses. Do not repeat.
D. Mix and Make one capsule. Dispense 36 such doses. Do not repeat.

Apply ointment to the left eye as needed.

Interpret the following Signa (Appl. ung. left eye ad lib.) taken from a prescription:

A. Apply ointment to the left eye as needed.
B. Apply ointment to the left eye immediately.
C. Apply eye cream to the left eye as needed.
D. Apply eye drops to the left eye as immediately.

AMBIEN 10 milligrams by mouth at every bedtime for 5 days.

Interpret the following direction (AMBIEN 10 mg p.o. qhs x 5 d) taken from a medication order:

A. AMBIEN 10 milligrams left eye at every bedtime for 5 days.
B. AMBIEN 10 milligrams right eye at every bedtime for 5 days.
C. AMBIEN 10 milligrams both eyes at every bedtime for 5 days.
D. AMBIEN 10 milligrams by mouth at every bedtime for 5 days

Density

It is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance. It is usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc):

A. Density
B. Specific gravity
C. Specific volume
D. Specific mass

Dispense 12 rectal suppositories.

Interpret the following subscription:

• Disp. supp. rect. no. xii

Mix and make an isotonic solution. Dispense 120 mL

Interpret the following subscription:

• M. ft. iso. sol. Disp. 120 mL.

Mix and divide in 40 powders

Interpret the following subscription:

• M. et div. in pulv. no. xl

Give 6 such doses. Do not repeat

Interpret the following subscription:

• DTD vi. Non rep.

Mix and make ointment dispense 10g

Interpret the following subscription:

• M. et ft. ung. Disp.

Instill 2 drops in each eye every 4 hours as needed for pain.

Interpret the following subscription:

• Gtt. ii each eye q. 4 h. p.r.n. pain

Take 1 tablespoon in 1/3 glass of water every 6 hours

Interpret the following subscription:

• Tbsp.i in1⁄3 gl.aq.q.6h.

Apply in the morning and evening as needed for pain

Interpret the following subscription:

• Appl. a.m. & p.m. for pain prn

Instill 4 drops in the right ear morning and night.

Interpret the following subscription:

• Gtt. iv right ear m. & n.

Take 1 teaspoon in water every 4 to 5 hours as needed for pain.

Interpret the following subscription:

• Tsp.i aq. q.4or5h.p.r.n.pain

200 mg every 6 hours for 4 days.

Interpret:

• 200 mg q6h × 4d.

150 units per kg subcutaneously, three times per week (TIW).

Interpret:

• 150 units/kg SC TIW

For patients weighing >20 kg to <40 kg: 150 mg per kg.

Interpret:

• for patients >20 to <40 kg, 150 mg/kg

30 mg per kg per day, divided into 2 doses (b.i.d.).

Interpret:

• 30 mg/kg/day, divided dose (b.i.d.)

Density (d)

(Note: D = m/V, unit = g/mL)

____- is mass per unit volume of a substance. It is usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc)

A. Density
B. Specific gravity
C. Specific volume
D. Specific mass

specific gravity

(Note: sp. gr. has no unit)

It is a ratio, expressed decimally, of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a substance chosen as a standard, both substances at the same temperature or the temperature of each being known:

A. Density
B. Specific gravity
C. Specific volume
D. Specific mass

1

Specific gravity (sp g) of water = _____ ?

Water

It is used as the standard for the determination of specific gravities of liquids and solids:

A. 80% Ethyl alcohol
B. Water
C. Hexane
D. Octanol

Hydrogen

It is considered most useful standard for the determination of specific gravities of gases:

A. Hydrogen
B. Helium
C. Oxygen
D. Nitrogen

1.00

What is the representative specific gravity of water at 25 ^oC?

A. 1.00
B. 0.96
C. 0.92
D. 0.91

Alcohol (15.56 C)

Specific gravity is measured at 25 C except _____

15.56

In the United States Pharmacopeia, the standard temperature for specific gravities is 25 degree Celsius, except for that of alcohol, which is _____ degree Celsius:

Pycnometer

It is a special glass bottle used to determine specific gravity of different substances

A. Burette
B. Densiometer
C. Pycnometer
D. Plummet method

Plummet method

_____- is a special METHOD used to determine specific gravity of different substances.

Pycnometer

_____- is an apparatus for measuring specific gravity

Specific volume

(Note: sp. vol. = volume per unit weight, unitless)

It is usually defined as an abstract number representing the ratio,expressed decimally, of the volume of a substance to the volume of an equal weight of another substance taken as a standard, both having the same temperature

A. Density
B. Specific gravity
C. Specific volume
D. Specific mass

Specific volume

_____ - is the reciprocal of specific gravity

Percent weight-in-volume (w/v)

It expresses the number of grams of a constituent in 100 mL of solution or liquid preparation and is used regardless of whether water or another liquid is the solvent or vehicle:

A. Percent weight-in-volume (w/v)
B. Percent volume-in-volume (v/v)
C. Percent weight-in-weight (w/w)
D. Percent volume-in-weight (v/w)

Percent volume-in-volume (v/v)

It expresses the number of milliliters of a constituent in 100 mL of solution or liquid preparation:

A. Percent weight-in-volume (w/v)
B. Percent volume-in-volume (v/v)
C. Percent weight-in-weight (w/w)
D. Percent volume-in-weight (v/w)

C. Percent weight-in-weight (w/w)

It expresses the number of grams of a constituent in 100 g of solution or preparation:

A. Percent weight-in-volume (w/v)
B. Percent volume-in-volume (v/v)
C. Percent weight-in-weight (w/w)
D. Percent volume-in-weight (v/w)

Solution

____= solute + solvent

Ratio Strength

(Note: Ratio strength often expressed as 1 : X%)

The concentrations of weak solutions are frequently expressed in terms of ______

A. Percentage
B. Ratio Strength
C. Milligram percent
D. PPM/PPB

Milligram percent

(Note: % mg = (mg/mL × V) × 100%)

It expresses the number of milligrams of substance in 100 mL of liquid. It is used frequently to denote the concentration of a drug or natural substance in a biologic fluid, as in the blood:

A. Percentage
B. Ratio Strength
C. Milligram percent
D. PPM/PPB

PPM/PPB

The strengths of very dilute solutions are commonly expressed in terms of ______

A. Percentage
B. Ratio Strength
C. Milligram percent
D. PPM/PPB

Dose

It is the quantitative amount administered or taken by a patient for the intended medicinal effect:

A. Dose
B. Dosage
C. Dosage form
D. Dosage regimen

• Single dose

• Divided dose

• Total dose

Type of Doses [3]

dosage regimen

The schedule of dosing (e.g., four times per day for 10 days) is referred to as the________?

I , II, III, and IV

The following statements about the dose of drug are correct:

I Dosage regimen is the schedule of dosing.
II Single dose is the amount taken at one time.
III Total dose is the amount taken during the course of therapy.
IV. Divided dose is taken two or more times per day depending on the characteristics of the drug.

A. I only

B. II only

C. II,III and IV

D.I , II, III, and IV

Adult Dose

It is the amount that ordinarily produces the medicinal effect intended in the adult patient :

A. Pediatric dose
B. Adult dose
C. Geriatric dose
D. Usual dose

Dose range

It indicates the quantitative range or amounts of the drug that may be prescribed within the guidelines of usual medical practice:

A. Pediatric dose
B. Adult dose
C. Geriatric dose
D. Dosage range

• Median effective dose

• ED50

It is the amount that produces the desired intensity of effect in 50% of the individuals tested

A. Median effective dose
B. Median toxic dose
C. ED₅₀
D. A and C:

• median toxic dose

• TD50

It is the amount that produces toxic effects in 50% of the individuals tested.

A. Median effective dose
B. Median toxic dose
C. TD₅₀
D. B and C

Minimum effective concentration (MEC)

It is the minimum concentration determined that can be expected to produce the drug's desired effects in a patient:

A. Minimum safe concentration
B. Minimum effective concentration
C. Minimum toxic concentration
D. Therapeutic index

Minimum toxic concentration (MTC)

It is the base level of blood serum concentration that produces dose-related toxic effects:

A. Minimum safe concentration
B. Minimum effective concentration
C. Minimum toxic concentration
D. Therapeutic index

• Priming dose

• Loading dose (Bolus Dose)

A larger-than-usual initial dose required to achieve the desired blood drug level is called:

A. Priming dose
B. Loading dose
C. Maintenance dose
D. A and B

Bolus Dose

Loading Dose is aka ____

Maintenance dose

Similar in amount to usual doses are administered according to the dosage regimen to sustain the desired drug blood levels or drug effects is known as:

A. Loading Dose

B. Maintenance Dose

C. Prophylactic Dose

D. Therapeutic Dose

Prophylactic dose

Certain dose of biologic or immunologic products, such as vaccines, may be administered to protect the patient from contracting a specific disease is called _____

A. Loading Dose

B. Maintenance Dose

C. Prophylactic Dose

D. Therapeutic Dose

Therapeutic Dose

Other products, such as antitoxins, may be administered to counter a disease after exposure or contraction:

A. Loading Dose

B. Maintenance Dose

C. Prophylactic Dose

D. Therapeutic Dose

Compounding

The fabrication of a pharmaceutical product from individual ingredients, carefully weighed, measured, and mixed is called:

A. Filling
B. Manufacturing
C. Compounding
D. Dispensing

Manufacturing

[Compounding or Manufacturing]

• Large scale

A glassful or cupful measures 250 mL (correct is 240 mL)

The following approximate equivalent of household measures are correct, except:

A. A teaspoon measures 5 mL
B. A dessert spoon measures 10 mL
C. A tablespoon measures 15 mL
D. A glassful or cupful measures 250 mL

A pint measures 250 mL ( correct is “480 mL”)

The following approximate equivalent of household measures are correct, except:
A. An ounce measures 30 mL
B. A teacupful measures 180 mL
C An official dropper measures 20 gtt/mL
D. A pint measures 250 mL

Usual dose

It is the amount that ordinarily produces the desired therapeutic response in the majority of patients in a general, or otherwise defined, population group:
A. Pediatric dose
B. Adult dose
C. Geriatric dose
D. Usual dose

pediatrics

It is the branch of medicine that deals with disease in children from birth through adolescence:

A. Pediatrics
B. Geriatrics
C. Adulthood
D. Puberty

Late childhood is 1 year through 5 years

• 6 to 12 years of age

The following statements about pediatric patients are correct, except:

A. Neonate is from birth to 1 month
B. Infant is 1 month to 1 year
C. Late childhood is 1 year through 5 years
D. Adolescence is 13 years to 17 years of age

37

A neonate is considered premature if born at less than ______ weeks' gestation:

A. 35
B. 37
C. 38
D. 40