Bio 460 Exam 3

The adrenal gland is part of the _ division of the ANS.

Sympathetic

Which cranial nerve is responsible for keeping your eyes moist?

Facial (VII)

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate either in the brain or in the _ region of spinal cord.

Sacral

Issues with which cranial nerve would cause problems with swallowing and loss of sensation to tongue and palate.

9 (Glossopharyngeal)

Which cranial nerve is the most important?

Vagus (10)

Issues with what cranial nerve leads to the paralysis of the face.

Facial

What NT is found at the synapse in the ganglia of the ANS?

ACH

Issues with which cranial nerve can cause diplopia or ptosis

3

The vagus nerve would innervate all of the following except

Urinary Bladder

Which receptors cause paleness, queasiness, and dry mouth during fight or flight?

A1

Name a pharmaceutical drug that is an Alpha 1 agonist.

Phenylephrine

Which receptors are responsible for making heart beat more forcefully?

B1

Name a pharmaceutical drug that is solely a B1 antagonist.

Metoprolol

All ANS preganglionic neurons are cholinergic.

True

Which of the following is not true of the parasympathetic ganglia.

NE is the main postganglionic NT

Cutaneous effectors only receive innervation from sympathetic division.

True

Swellings on postganglionic neuron axons where NTs are released at synapses on passant are called _

varicosities

Which receptor causes bronchodilation during fight or flight emergency?

B2

The parasympathetic and sympathetic division always produce antagonistic effects

False

Patient with double vision and cant move eye have a problem with _ nerve.

Oculomotor (3)

The vagus nerve provides most of the parasympathetic innervation of the body

True

The sympathetic division works by secreting _ from postganglionic neurons.

NE

All preganglionic neurons are adrenergic

False

All adrenergic receptors are metobotropic

True

_ are receptors that detect changes in pH as well as chemical concentrations

Chemoreceptors

_ deals with controlling the ANS when it comes to motion sickness.

Cerebellum

_ _ receptors work via negative feedback mechanism with NE keeping sympathetic activity in check

A2

Pseudoephedrine is _ _ agonist. It generates an EPSP causing vasodilation

A1

Yohimbine is a _ _ antagonist. Which helps with ED yet also raises blood pressure.

A2

Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed by their target cells are

Prehormones

Steroid hormones' receptors may be found in.

In the cytoplasm or nucleus

You will only find thyroid receptors in the nucleus

True

Molecules are secreted by endocrine glands but must be cut into active form with in gland itself are _

Prohormone

_ are stretch receptors inside of blood vessels

Baroreceptors

In steroid, thyroid, and tyrosine kinase systems, two receptors with ligands bind together called _.

dimerization

Endocrine glands develop from _ tissue.

Epithelial

There are two groups of steroid hormones that are produced from cholesterol, the _ steroids, and corticosteroids.

Sex

A patient present with Bell's palsy has a problem with what nerve?

Facial

The parasympathetic division works by secreting _ from majority of its postganglionic neurons.

ACH

All preganglionic neurons are cholinergic.

True

All adrenergic receptors are ionotropic

False

_ are receptors that detect changes in pH as well as chemical concentrations.

Chemoreceptors

The _ is major autonomic control for thermoregulation, hunger, and thirst.

Hypothalamus

Albuterol is a _ _ agonist which helps with symptoms of asthma

B2

In the Phospholipase Ca2+ mechanism _ _ binds to Ca2+ ligand-gated channels on the ER.

IP3

Alpha 1 receptors function via which mechanism of action?

Phospholipase Ca2+

Tyrosine kinase receptors have been implicated as possible causes for _.

Cancer

Steroid and thyroid hormones both have genomic activation where transcription on/off

True

The _ produces and releases growth factors embryonic development of pituitary gland.

Notochord

Evagination of the _ produces the anterior pituitary gland.

Stomodium

_ is a hormone made by the thyroid gland that is derived from vitamin D.

Calcintonin

What anterior pituitary hormone is responsible for dwarfism

GH

Is dwarfism caused by an abundance or shortage of this hormone?

Shortage

Which pathway do B2 receptors use?

Adenylate Cyclase/cAMP

Which pathway do A1 receptors use?

Phospholipase C/Calcium

The posterior pituatary gland produces 2 hormones, ADH and oxytocin.

False

Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline

Adrenergic

Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter.

Cholinergic

Knoblike swellings of certain autonomic axons containing mitochondria and synaptic vesicles.

varicosities

primarily in adipose cells and smooth muscle cells in walls of digestive tract

Beta 3 receptors

vasoconstriction

a1 receptors

Keeps fight or flight in check, lowers blood pressure

a2 receptors

increase heart rate

Beta 1 receptors

bronchodilation

Beta 2 receptors

A1 agonists

Phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine

A2 Antagonist

Yohimbine

B1 antagonist

Metoprolol

B2 agonists

Albuterol

What is 9-cis-retinoic acid made from?

Vitamin A

In thyroid hormones which one is converted to what?

T4 is converted to T3 during genomic action

promotes retention of water by kidneys; secreted by PP

ADH

hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and is released by the hypothalamus

Somatostatin

____ ganglia are the celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric and are apart of the ________ system and innervated by preganglionic neurons

collateral, sympathetic

The outer layer of the kidney = adrenal _____ and secretes which hormones?

cortex, steroid hormones

The inner layer of the kidney = adrenal _____ and secretes which hormones?

medulla, NE +E

located next to or within effector

synapse on terminal ganglia

effectors of the skin: blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrector pili

cutaneous effectors

True or False: Cutaneous effectors only have thoracic and lumbar innervation so NO parasympathetic innervation

True

terminal ganglia are inside the organs

sacral region

parotid glands: trouble swallowing, absent gag reflex, issues with taste and sensation of tongue.

9

idiopathic (happen spontaneously). Paresis of the face- Bells Palsy

7

diplopia, ptosis, and paresis

3

3 Preganglionic fibers leave from

mesencephalon

7 Preganglionic fibers leave from

pons

9 Preganglionic fibers leave from

otic ganglion

10 Preganglionic fibers leave from

medulla oblongata

increase heart and blood glucose levels. divert blood to skeletal muscle

sympathetic

decrease heart rate, increase digestive activity, and dilate visceral blood vessels.

parasympathetic

___ is the NT for all preganglionic neurons and most parasympathetic. post. neurons

ACH

_ is NT for most sympathetic post. gang neurons

NE

adrenergic innervation

excitatory or inhibitory

heart, dilation of iris, vascular smooth muscle going to visceral effectors. vessel constriction.

excitatory

vascular smooth muscle headed to skeletal muscle, vasodilation.
lungs bronchodilation

inhibitory

initially use G proteins

metabotropic

cAMP more sensitive to Ep.

beta

Calcium 2nd messenger more sensitive to NE

alpha

EPSP vascular smooth muscle of skin, viscera, and salivary glands. Vasoconstriction

alpha 1

lower B.P due to removal of NE

alpha 2

found in heart EPSP, increase H.R and contractility

Beta 1

IPSP, brochodialtion, no viscera (digestion)

Beta 2