Spinal Anatomy-Exam 1 General Characteristics Objectives

What is primary and secondary curvatures?

-primary= Kyphotic

-secondary= Lordotic

What regions of the spinal column belong to the primary curvatures?

Thoracic and Sacrococcygeal

What regions of the spinal column belong to the secondary curvatures?

Cervical and Lumbar

Is a Kyphotic curve more posterior or anterior? What about Lordotic?

-Kyphotic = curves posteriorly

-Lordotic= curves anteriorly

Kyphotic curve is formed due to greater ___ height than ___ height in the ____

posterior, anterior, vertebral body

Lordotic curve is formed due to greater ___ height than ___ height in the ___ of cervical and lumbar region

anterior, posterior, IVD

Where are lateral curvatures typically located? What are they thought to be a result of?

-They are typically in the Thoracic (upper portion) and Lumbar regions

-The deviations are a result from assymmetrical msucle use/tone

In a right handed lateral curve the convexity is open towards the ___

right

-thought to be associated with dominate hand

List some functions of the IVD

1. attach/separate vertebral bodies

2. helps shape the spine

3. acts as a powerful ligament

4. part of anterior border of vertebral canal and IVF

5. shock absorber

What two things form the IVD?

1. Annulus Fibrosus

2. Nucleus Pulposus

The annulus fibrosis attaches VB to each other, and is made of?

type 1-2 collagen

The nucleus pulposus separates VB from each other, and is made of ??

water, collagen, proteoglycans

What is the matrix of IVD made of?

proteoglycan gel and collagen fibers

What is a small rounded projection on a bone?

tubercle

What is a projection or outgrowth from a larger body on a bone?

Process

What is a small flat surface on a bone?

facet

term for "relating to a joint"

articular

term for "relating to, or situated to a rib"

costal

What forms the intervertebral foramina?

superior and inferior vertebral notches

The intervertebral Foramina located btwn T6 and T7 is formed from what?

Inferior vertebral notch of T6 and superior vertebral notch of T7

What gives rise to somites?

paraxial mesoderm

What do somites turn into?

sclerotomes, myotomes, and dermatomes

What do sclerotomes give rise to?

the vertebral column

what is the order of vertebral column formation?

membranous-->cartilaginous-->skeletal

Sclerotomes migrate to surround the notochord and form the ____

perchordal blastema

What is the fissure in the middle of a perichordal blastema?

intrasclerotomal fissure

The intrasclerotomal fissure gives rise to the ___ ___ which become the annulus fibrosus

perichordal discs

What are the centers of CHONDRIFICATION (not ossification) of a membranous vertebral blastema during week 6?

- one pair on the centrum

-one pair on the neural arch (left and right)

-one pair on the transverse process (left and right)

-total= 6!

How many primary centres of OSSIFICATION are there?

-total= 3

-2 in the vertebral arch (L&R) and 1 in vertebral body

How many secondary centers of OSSIFICATION are there?

-total= 5

-2 in the epiphyseal rim (Sup & Inf.); 2 in the transverse process (L&R); 1 in the spinous process

Where are there synchondroses centers?

-epiphyseal ring synchondrosis

-tip of TP synchondrosis

-tip of SP synchondrosis

Which somite within the paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the vertebral column?

Sclerotomes

The spinal canal is the union of ____ ___ into a singular canal

vertebral foramina

Where does the spinal cord end?

L2

List out the order of the spinal cord arteries starting with the aorta

aorta --> segmental branch A. --> spinal branch --> medullary feeder artery (post. & ant.) --> ant/post (2!) arteries & radicular arteries (spinal roots)

-Look at General Characteristics slide 31 for a visual image!

Which spinal canal artery directly feeds into the posterior spinal arteries?

medullary feeder artery

Where does the basivertebral venous foramina run?

through the vertebrae to allow venous return from canal

Where is the internal vertebral venous plexus?

epidural space

What are the other 2 spinal veins?

anterior/posterior spinal vein

List out the meninges from superficial to deep

-Dura Mater

-Arachnoid Mater

-Pia Mater

What meninge is tough and fibrous

Dura Mater

What meninge is web like?

Arachnoid Mater

List out the 3 spaces from Superficial to deep

-Epidural space

-Subdural space

-Subarachnoid space

The ___ space is external to the dura and is filled with fat

epidural

The ___ space is a POTENTIAL space between dura and arachnoid

subdural

The __ space is between arachnoid and pia and contains CSF

subarachnoid

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament positioned?

On the anterior side of the vertebral bodies

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament positioned?

On the posterior side of the vertebral bodies

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

prevents hyperflexion and posterior spinal disc herniation

What ligament forms the ANTERIOR boundary of the spinal canal?

posterior longitudinal ligament

What ligament forms the POSTERIOR boundary of the spinal canal?

Ligamentum Flavum

The____ is an extension of pia mater, and anchors the spinal cord to the Sacrum and Coccyx. It prevents_____ movement.

Filum Terminale; vertical movement

The___ is an extension of pia mater, and anchors the spinal cord to the dura mater. It prevents ____ movement.

Denticulate ligaments; side movement