Skeletal System Sci Oly Info

80

how many bones are in axial skeleton

126

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, thorax, vertebral column

5 types of bones in axial skeleton

cervical vertebrae

transverse foramen, bifid spinous process

atlas

supports head c1

axis

dens pivots to turn head c2

thoracic vertebrae

long spinous processes, rib facets

osteoblasts

bone forming cells synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control calcium release from bone to blood

osteogenic cells

respond to traumas by giving rise to bone forming cells and bone destroying cells

osteoclasts

bone absorbing cell large cells break down bone tissue important to growth healing and remodeling

bone lining cells

made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult, regulate mvmt of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone

hematopoiesis

takes place in red marrow

hyaline cartilage

fine collagen fiber matrix- most abundant type- found in articular (movable joint) cartilages, costal cartilages (connect ribs tosternum), respiratory cartilages (in larynx & upper respiratory passageways) & nasal cartilages

elastic cartilage

similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering

fibrocartilage

rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers; highly compressible with great tensile strength- found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis

hairline

oblique displaced

oblique nondisplaced

linear

comminuted

spiral

segmental

osteoarthritis

degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone, most common from middle age onward. It causes pain and stiffness, especially in the hip, knee, and thumb joints

osteoporosis

develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes

disk herniation

occurs when some of the nucleus pushes out through a tear in the annulus

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

ACL injury

Pain on the outside and back of the knee.

Knee swelling within the first few hours of the injury.

Limited knee movement because of swelling and/or pain.

Loss of full range of motion.

Discomfort while walking.

treated with rehab and surgery

mcl injury

• Knee swelling

• Locking or catching of the knee when you move it

• Pain and tenderness along the inside of the joint

• A knee that gives way or feels like it is going to give when it is active or stressed in a certain way