Public Speaking: Finding Your Voice Chapter 13 Informative Speaking, Chapter 1: finding your voice

informative speaking

Functions to enlighten by sharing ideas and information.

informative value

A measure of how much new and important information or understanding a speech conveys to an audience.

speech of description

An informative speech that uses vivid language to illustrate and activity, object, person, or place,

speech of explanation

An informative speech that offers information about abstract and complex subjects.

relevance

Refers to the extent to which a speech relates to an audience's specific needs, interests, or concerns.

intensity

Refers to the extent to which aspects of a speech are striking or stand out.

contrast

Attracts attention and sharpens perspective by highlighting the differences between opposites.

repetition

Repeating sounds, words, or phrases to attract and hold attention.

novelty

The quality of being new or unusual.

retention

The extent to which listeners remember and use a message.

categorical design

Arranges the main ideas and materials of a speech by natural or customary divisions.

comparative design

Arranges a speech by exploring the similarities or differences among things.

literal analogy

A comparison of subjects drawn from the same field of experience.

figurative analogy

A comparison of subjects drawn from essentially different fields of experience.

spatial design

Arranges the main points of a speech as they occur in actual space, thus creating an oral map.

sequential design

Explains the steps of a process in the order in which they should be taken.

chronological design

Explains events or historical developments in the order in which they occurred.

causation design

Addresses the origins or consequences of a situation or event proceeding from cause to effect or from effect to cause.

briefing

A short informative presentation offered in an organizational setting that focuses on plans, policies, or reports.

3 Different aspects of finding your voice

1. Becoming a competent speaker

-how to make a speech

2. Discovering your self-identity

-develop self-esteem and own style as a speaker

-understanding of why you are speaking

3. Finding your place in society

-The value of the views and contribution of others

Personal benefits (6)

1. It will help reveal you as a competent, well-educated person

2. help you prepare for important communication situations

3. help you become a better communication consumer

4. help develop basic communication skills

5. help you control communication anxiety

6. help you succeed in college and career

Social and cultural benefits (1 each)

1. We can enacting the citizenship role envisioned for me as I speak out on topics of concern

1. Develop a heightened sensitivity to the interest and needs of others (other-orientations)

-helps us listen to one another and savor what makes us unique

2 barriers to cultural growth

1. Ethnocentrism: our tendency that its way of looking at and doing things is right and that other perspectives are wrong

2. Stereotypes: generalization that purport to represent the essential nature of races, genders, religious affiliation, sexual orientations.

Aristole's Rhetoric (2)

1. taught us the art of public speaking to the citizen of Athens

2. Stressed the importance of using evidence, examples and stories to support conclusions

3 major forms of speeches

1. Deliberative: used in law-making

2. Forensic: used in courts

3. Ceremonial: during public ceremonies

3 major types of appeals

1. Logos: appeals based on logic

2. Pathos: appeals based on emotion

3. Ethos: appeals based on the character of the speaker

Plato's 1st dialogue

1. Using Gorgias to show that orators told their listeners what they wanted to hear rather what they needed to hear

-effectiveness

Plato's 2nd dialogue

1. Using Phaedrus that an ideal virtuous speaker can use words to help listeners become better citizens and people

-ethical

What did Plato achieve

1. How challengin the balance between both ethical and effectiveness when speaking

-how to communicate and how we ought to

7 parts in the interactive diagram for communication

1. Speakers

2. Message

3. Channels

4. Interference

5. Setting

6. Audiences

7. Feedback

Speaker (3)

1. initiates the communication process by framing an oral message for the consideration of others

2. effective speakers must be audience-centered

3. The listener's opinion if the speaker is credible is crucial to the interaction

-if they accept the speaker, then they are more likely to accept the message

Message (4)

1. the clear idea of what a speech is trying to accomplish

2. specific purpose in one clear, simple sentence

3. speech should offer convincing evidence drawn from reputable sources and reasoning

4. the primary and secondary message must be harmonious and mutually supportive

secondary message

speaker's attitude and opinions about the primary message

Channel (3)

1. conveys your message to listeners

2. radio focus on voice and isolate appearance, facial expression and gestures of the speaker

3. tv features faux familiarity as if face to face but without direct feedback

Interference

1. the distraction function that can disrupt the communication process

-lack of civility is an enemy of the free and open flow of communication

-interference many include competing sounds that distract listeners

Setting and 2 kinds

1. where the speech is present that can affect profoundly how it is designed, presented and received

1. Physical and Psychological setting

Physical setting

the actual place where the speech is presented, time of day, size and arrangement of the audience

Psychological setting (4)

1. Individual beliefs

2. Listener awareness of recent events

3. Listener anticipation of your speaking performance

4. Listener expectation because of the occasion

Audience (2)

1. the potential listeners the speaker hopes to reach

-there's only a few intended audiences

2. part of finding your voice also require that you discover your ears as an audience member

Feedback

1. the cue from the audience that help you monitor the immediate effectiveness of your message

-nod or frowns

2. why you should maintain eye contact

Communication as a dynamic process

1. Communication can change the people who interact in it

-either get enhanced or degraded by communication

2. Burke's Identification

identification

1. occurs when speaker create a sense of shared oneness, purpose or identity through communication

2. suggests that speakers create a vision of their listeners as belonging together to one community

3. then speaker urges them to become that community, to recognize their common interests and goals and realize what they can accomplish together

4. speaker invites to bring a vision into reality for the sake of change or improvement

What public speaking asks of you (2)

1. Serious commitment of time and dedication to finding your voice as a speaker

2. Respect public speaking ethics

public speaking ethics

standards that determine the rightness or wrongness of public communication behaviors, as a speaker and listener.

Ethical public speaking (2)

1. respect for the integrity of ideas and information

2. genuine concern for consequences

Respect for the integrity of ideas and information by (3)

1. speaking from responsible knowledge

2. Using communication techniques carefully

3. Avoiding academic dishonesty

Speaking from responsible knowledge (5)

1. Knowing main points of concern about your topic

2. Understanding what experts say about it

3. Acknowledging differing points of view on controversial topics and giving these due respect

4. being aware of recent events or discoveries concerning your topic

5. Realizing how what you say might affect the lives of listener

Using communication techniques carefully

1. Quoting out of context

Quoting out of context

corrupted use to citing experts and authorities when the speaker twist the meaning of such statement to support their own views and to endorse position that the respect person would never have accepted

Avoiding academic dishonest

1. Plagiarism

Plagiarism and different types (4)

1. Plagiarism: presenting the ideas or words of others as though they were your own

2. parroting an article: without crediting the source in your speech

3. patchwork plagiarism: cutting passages from multiple sources and splicing them together as though they were one speech

4. social plagiarism: students collude to produce one speech without citing the source

Reasons to avoid Plagiarism (4)

1. Most colleges and university regard plagiarism as a threat to the integrity of higher education and would have penalties

2. You might get caught and instructors are better at spotting dishonesty

3. It is an intellectual crime that is a theft or abuse other people's ideas

4. You are cheating yourself since you give up on your search for your authentic voice and prevent yourself from growing into a communicator you might have become

A genuine concern for Consequences

1. Developing concern for those who listen to you

-to be more aware of how words can impact the lives of the audience