The basic structure of the human body

Anatomy

study of the body

physiology

how the body work

pathophysiology

study of diseases

congential

accquired in the womb

ex. club foot, cleft lip or palate, fetal alcohol syndrome, and spina bidifia

inherited

transmitted from parents to child

ex. color blindness, hemophilia (mom to son), cystic fibrosis, and down syndrome

infectious

caused by a pathogenic (germ producing) organism such as bacteria or virus

ex. common cold and hepatitis (viral, sleep it off), sexually transmitted infect. (bacteria, antibotic)

degenerative

detorioration of the function or structure of body tissues

ex. arteriosclerotic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonory disease, and osteoarthritis

diagnosis

identifying the disease

etiology

cause of the disease

prognosis

refers to a prediction of the probable cause and/or expected outcome of the disease

idiopathic

cause of disease is unknown

iatrogenic

disease is caused by a prescribed treatment (ex. anemia is caused by chemotherapy, low potassium levels caused by diuertic medication)

homeostasis

constant state of natural balance

the cells

trillions of cells make up the body

protoplasm

basic substance of all life

cells made up of

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus

functions of cell

take in food & oxygen and produce heat & energy

cell reproduction

mitosis-form of asexual reproduction

meiosis- sex cells (gametes) divide

stem cells

have the ability to cure diseases

4 types of tissues; 60-99% water, slightly salty (tissue fluid)

Epithelial, Connective, Nerve, and Muscle

Dehydration

insufficient amount of tissue fluid

edema

(swelling) on excess amount of tissue fluid

organs

two or more tissues joined together

systems

two or more organs joined together

11 organ systems

respiratory, nervous, digestive, circulatory/cardiovascular, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive

body planes

imaginary lines that separate body into sections

transverse-top half & bottom half

midsagital-right & left, down the middle

frontal or coronal-front & back (ear to ear)

directions part 1

superior- located near the head

lateral-away from the midline

cranial-near the head

caudal-near the tail

medial-close to middle

directions part 2

lateral-away from the midline

proximal-close to the part

distal-distant from the part

anterior(ventral)-front

posterior(dorsal)-back

body cavities

spaces that contain vital organs

dorsal-back of body divided into two sections

cranial-brain

spinal-spinal cord

ventral-front of body seperated into 3 cavities, 2 seperated by the diaphragm

thoracic-(chest.esophagus,trachea,bronchi,lungs,heart,and large blood vessels)

abdominal-(stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, appendix, liver, gallbaldder, pancreas, and spleen)

pelvic-(urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last part of the large intestines)

9 abdominal regions

epigastric (above stomach)

umbilical (near the umbilicial or belly button)

hypogastric (below the stomach)

right & left lumbar (large bones of the spinal cord)

right & left iguinal/iilac (near the groin)

right & left hypchondriac (below the ribs)

4 quadrants

Right upper quad. (RUQ), Right Lower Quad. (RLQ), Left upper quad. (LUQ), & Left lower quad. (LLQ)

Integumentary system

largest organ system, covers 3,000 sq inches & about 15% of the body weight

3 layers of skin

Epidermis- outermost layer

Dermis-”true skin” fingerprints, sweat, oil glands, & hair follicles

Subcutaneous fascia- innermost, connects skin to muscles

two types of glands

sucbriferous (sweat)- eliminates water, salt, some body waste & it is colorless

sebaceous(oil)- open to hair follicles, plugged with dirt and oil

(hair everywhere except palms & soles)

Nails-will not grow if its damaged

alopecia- a permanent loss of hair on the scalp

functions of integumentary system

protection, sensory perception, storage, & production

how the body retain or lose heat

dilate (get larger)- excess heat from the blood can escape through skin

constrict (get smaller)- heat is retained in the body (shivering)

pigmentation part 1

melanin- brownish black pigment

albino- absence of color

carotene- yellowish red

erythemic- reddish color of the skin caused by burns or a congestion of blood in the vessels

pigmentation part 2

jaundice- yellowish discoloration of the skin, bile in the blood or result of lover or gallbladder disease

cyanosis- bluish discoloration; caused by insufficient oxygen