apwh unit 5 set 2

spinning jenny

a machine for spinning with more than one spindle at a time

james hargreave

inventor of the spinning jenny

richard arkwright

Devised a new kind of spinning machine. It replacing the work of human hands, the water frame made it possible to spin cotton yarn more quickly and in greater quantities

crop rotation

agricultural practice alternating different crops annually

protoindustrialization

pre-industrial phase of economic development and production

cottage industry

home-based manufacturing system prevalent before factories

enclosure movement

consoladtion of small landholdings into labor farms

divison of labor

specialization of tasks to increase production efficiency

company rule

The period when the British East India Company

(EIC) ruled large areas of the Indian subcontinent, and when the Dutch East India Company (VOC)

ruled the Dutch East Indies

james watt

inventor who improved the steam engine’s efficiency

steam engine

engine powered by steam, revolutionizing transportation and industry

marconi

inventor of the first successful long distance radio transmission

alexander graham bell

inventor credited with developing the first practical telephone

muhammed ali

ottoman governor known for modernization and reforms in egypt

matthew perry

U.S. naval officer who opened japan to western trade

zaibastu

large japanese business conglomerates influential in the economy

meiji restoration

period of rapid modernization and industrialization in japan

karl marx

philosopher who co-authored the communist manifesto

friedrich engels

co-author of the communist conifesto and marx

communist manifesto

political pamphlet advocating for class struggle and communism

utilitarianism

philosophy promoting actions that maximize overall happiness

chartist movement

working-class movement advocating for political reforms in britain

reform bill of 1832 (eng)

legislation expanding voting rights in england to more men

luddites

workers who protested against industrialization by destroying machines

proletariat

working class, especially in industrial societies

tanzimat

reforms aimed at modernization in the ottoman empire

millet

religious communities in the ottoman empire with autonomy

self-strengthening movement

chinese reform movement to modernize military and economy

tenement

urban apartment building for low-income families

cholera

bacterial disease causing severe diarrhea and dehydration

suffrage

the right to vote in political elections