Sowk 3040 Final Bailey

Age group with highest prevalence of substance use and alcohol use disorder

18-25

45-65+ enjoy healthy and active lives, but physical and mental decline does begin to occur, usually, gradually. At 50 biological change is physically noticeable

Aging as it impacts health

Physical functioning is at it's height during early adulthood in all organs and body systems. In the 30's they become aware of declining vision, endurance, metabolism and muscle strength

Aging's impact on body systems

An irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks.

Alzheimer's Disease

At what age do adults peak biologically?

20s and 30s

Cognitive decline and low cognitive abilities in late life were found to predict increases in neuroticism and decreases in extraversion and openness. On the other hand, personality traits were not found to influence changes in cognitive abilities."

Cognitive changes in late-life adults

Chronological definition of adulthood

begins at approximately age 18 and ends when life ends

An impairment of consciousness distinct from dementia, with a sudden onset (a few hours or days) that follows a brief and fluctuating course—which includes impairment of consciousness—and has the potential for improvement when the causes are treated.

Delirium

the strategies we use to master the demands of life) mature

Coping mechanisms

A brain disease in which memory and cognitive abilities deteriorate over time.

Dementia

is the process by which humans develop unique patterns and traits

Differentiation

Higher for women than men. Higher for Blacks than for Whites or Hispanics. Higher for those with a high school education compared with those with a college education. More satisfying for men than women in the United States and Chinese Malaysia. More often initiated by women. More frequently followed by a remarriage in men and Whites

Divorce rates

decreasing overall, and the gap between youth of color and White youth is closing (suggesting greater school engagement in youth of color); males remain more inclined to drop out than females overall.

dropout rates of youth

are likely to select friends that are similar to them in gender and interests, but by middle adolescence, the peer group often includes opposite-sex friends as well as same-sex friends. Most early adolescents have one close friend, but the stability of these friendships is not high. In early adolescence, the peer group tends to be larger than in middle childhood;"

Early adolescents' friendships

are thought of as learning experiences for later intimate relationships; Shulman et al (2011) propose four areas of romantic learning: Ability to sustain romantic involvement. Development of social cognitive maturity to balance self and partner needs. Ability to cope with negative emotions arising in relationships. Recognition that relationships are neither all-good nor all-bad.

Early intimate relationships

to occur in adolescence, enabling the adolescent to apply hypothetical reasoning, use symbols to solve problems, and engage in more abstract thinking about who they are

formal operations

How affection, warmth in preschool years, peer interactions and warm relationships with parents, and paternal relationships impact partner satisfaction in males-

strongly affected, positively. "Relationships with fathers were more strongly related to partner satisfaction for males than for females

In middle age, who usually exhibits greater brain reduction?

Women

full development of all aspects of the self into a unique and harmonious whole that gives expression to repressed attributes and desires.

Individuation

care and concern for present family and generations to come

Generativity

ovaries and testies

Gonads

Midlife the best phase of life for intellectual functioning when combined with bilateralization.

Intellectual performance in middle and older adults

Word fluency and verbal memory peaks

60s

Number facility peaks

late 30s

Spatial orientation and inductive reasoning peaks

50s

Perceptual speed peaks

20s

Kubler-Ross's 5 stages of grief

denial, withdrawal, rejection, fear, frustration, anger, sadness, adjustment, and acceptance

Daniel Levinson's theory of the seasons of adulthood

-Early adult transition

-Early Adulthood

-Age 30 transition

-Becoming ones on own man

-Mid-life transition

-Middle adulthood

-Late adulthood

aging is a dynamic, lifelong process of transitions impacted by era, age cohort, and personal and environmental factors that may grant "life course capital." An approach to human behavior that looks at how biological, psychological, and social factors act independently, cumulatively, and interactively to shape people's lives from conception to death and across generations

Life course perspective general principles

Menarche

the onset of menstruation and viable sperm during puberty

Age-related changes are usually gradual and accumulate at different rates in different body systems.

Middle adulthood - health

some physical and mental decline does begin to occur. some individuals begin to decline intellectually in their 40s, whereas other individuals maintain high levels of intellectual functioning into very advanced age.

Middle age intellectual decline

is not common. Data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) longitudinal study indicate that 10% to 20% of adults do have a crisis in midlife

Midlife crisis

Older adults chronic conditions-

-hypertension

-high cholesterol ---arthritis

-heart disease

-diabetes

-chronic kidney disease

-heart failure

-depression

-Alzheimer's disease -dementia

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Family connectedness and good parent-child communication, including communication about sex, condoms, and contraception

Preventative factors regarding early sexual activity

The period of the life course in which the reproductive system matures; it is increasingly thought of as a "multidimensional interacting suite of physical as well as socioemotional maturational processes

Puberty

Adolescent pregnancies carry increased risks to the mother, including delayed prenatal care; higher rates of miscarriage, anemia, toxemia, and prolonged labor; and increased likelihood of being a victim of intimate partner violence. They also carry increased risks to the infant, including perinatal mortality, preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental delays and disabilities."

Risks of adolescent pregnancies

Rites of passage

ceremonies that demarcate the transition from childhood to adulthood

provide for the condition and needs of the individual, including functional and behavioral deficits, declining health, previous institutionalization, and advanced age.

Roles of nursing home

Physical characteristics associated with sexual maturation but not directly related to the reproductive organs and external genitalia.

Secondary sex characteristics are enlarged breasts and hips for girls, facial hair and deeper voices for boys, and hair and sweat gland changes for both sexes.

Secondary sex characteristics

increased levels of androgens in males stimulate the development and functioning of the male reproductive system.

Increased levels of progestins and estrogens in females stimulate the development and functioning of the female reproductive system

Sex Hormones

age is a major predictor of diminished sexual desire, decreased sexual frequency, and decreased intensity of the sexual response, particularly after age 45.

Sex life during young and middle adulthood

Girls typically first notice breast growth, then growth of pubic hair, and then body growth, especially hips."" Boys typically follow a similar pattern, first noticing growth of the testes; then growth of pubic hair; body growth; growth of penis; change in voice; growth of facial and underarm hair; and finally, an increase in the production of glandular oil and sweat, possibly with body odor and acne"

signs of puberty

is the part of the self-concept that comes from knowledge of one's membership in a social group and the emotional significance of that membership

social identity

Young people aged 15 to 24 comprise half of the 20 million new STI cases each year in the United States.

2/3 15-24 yr olds have HPV,13-24 yr old accounted for 21% of all new HIV diagnoses

STIs/STDs among adolescents

developmental phase distinct from both adolescence and young adulthood, occurring from ages 18 to 25 in industrialized societies, but for some people, emerging adulthood spans the age period 18 to 29. There is considerable variation in personal journeys from emerging adulthood into young adulthood, but most individuals make the transition by age 30."

Terms for adulthood

Women score higher than men in agreeableness, conscientiousness, extroversion, and neuroticism.""Neuroticism: tendency to be moody, anxious, hostile, self-conscious, and vulnerable Extroversion: tendency to be energetic, outgoing, friendly, lively, talkative, and active Conscientiousness: tendency to be organized, reliable, responsible, hardworking, persistent, and careful Agreeableness: tendency to be cooperative, generous, cheerful, warm, caring, trusting, and gentle Openness to experience: tendency to be curious, imaginative, creative, intelligent, adventurous, and nonconforming"

Trait approach as it relates to characteristics of men and women

confidence/commitment to learning, positive values, social competencies, positive identity

Traits of positive youth development movement

What % of centenarians are men?

19%

What affects adolescents' expression of sexual feelings?

depends on sociocultural factors.

Youth are influenced by the attitudes toward sexual activity that they encounter in their environment or in the media. When and how they begin to engage in sexual activity are closely linked to what they perceive to be the activities of their peers.

what ages are youth

10-19

What factors impact how people age

Health, history, and gender

the scientific study of old age, the process of aging, and the particular problems of old people.

Gerontology?

Who will usually provide care to an elder parent?

Daughter

Will older Americans ever outnumber children?

Yes. In 2030

Young and middle adulthood physical functioning

at it's peak in young adulthood. Phusical growth stabilizes.