Chapter 6 Honors Psych Devdas

What is semantic encoding

the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

What are examples of semantic encoding

mnemonic device, and remembering meaningful personal memories

What is visual imagery coding

cognitive process where information is stored in the brain by creating mental images

Method of Loci is what

mnemonic technique that helps people remember information by associating it with specific locations or physical spaces in their mind

What is organizational coding

memory strategy where information is categorized or grouped into meaningful units or patterns

What is categorizing

breaking down a large set of information into smaller more manageable categories

In the first system of memory info enters nervous systems through what

senses in the form of neural messages

What is the shortest stage or process of memory

First system of memory

First system of memory does what

momentarily preserves very accurate images of sensory information

What are the two types of first system of memory

Iconic and Echoic

Iconic memory is what

visual

Iconic memory time frame

fraction of a second to one second

What is the capacity of iconic sensory memory

everything that can be seen at one time

What is the function of the iconic sensory memory

allows the brain to decide if information is important to pay attention to

What type of sensory memory does eidetic memory fall under

iconic

eidetic memory

photographic memory

Masking

disrupts the process by quickly presenting a new image that overwrites the persistence of original image

What is echoic memory

auditory sensory memory

What is the capacity of echoic

smaller than iconic memory

What is the duration of echoic memory

5 seconds at most

What is the function of echoic memory

recognition of meaning of words or phrases

Short term memory is what

second process of memory

Short term memory holds what

non-sensory information important enough to enter consciousness

How long is short term memory

a few seconds less than a minute

Short term memory is encoded primarily in what

auditory form

During short term memory what is special about visual memory

it's more accurate

Short term memory is considered what kind of memory

working memory

What is special about working memory

Active system vs. simply a place where information is held briefly

What is the capacity of short term memory

7 +/- 2 things

What's chunking

group items into chunks to "trick" short term memory

What is the duration of short term memory

few seconds to less than a minute

What is rehearsal

replaying scene in head over and over

Rehearsal extends short term memory by how long

15-20 seconds

Long term memory is what

third process of memory

Why is long term memory so useful

unlimited capacity

Long term memory is encoded in what form

meaningful

Longterm memory is

relatively permanent

What helps STM turn into LTM

maintenance rehearsal of information

What is elaborative rehearsal

best way to encode info into LTM in an organized way

What is retrograde amnesia

Inability to recall information prior to a certain date

What is anterograde amnesia

inability to learn new information from point of injury or illness and on

What is memory consolidation

Changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed

What helps to consolidate a memory

recalling a memory, thinking about it, and talking about it

What is reconsolidating

Memories become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled

Reconsolidating helps do what

strengthen memories

What is retrieval

process of bringing up information that has been encoded and stored

What is a retrieval cue

stimulus for remembering

What is the encoding specificity principle

recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context

What are the consequences of retrieval of LTM

improves memories, impairs memories, changes memories

What are the two types of memory

Explicit and Implicit

Explicit memory is also referred to as what

Declarative Memory

Implicit memory is also referred to as what

Non-declarative Memory

What are the two types of LTM explicit memory

Semantic and Episodic

What is semantic LTM explicit memory

General Knowledge

What is episodic explicit memory

Personal Facts

What is implicit LTM memory

does not require conscious thought

What type of LTM memory is hard to purposefully recall

Implicit memory

What is priming Implicit memory

previous experience influences your current interpretation of an event

What is procedural memory

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

What effects fall under recall

tip of tongue phenomenon, serial position effect, primacy effect, recency effect

What is the tip of tongue phenomenon

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach

What is serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

What is primacy effect

better recall for items at the beginning of a list

What is recency effect

better recall for items at the end of a list

What is recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

What is easier recall or recognition

recognition

Recognition is very accurate with what

faces

What are failures of memory

Transience, Absentmindedness, Blocking, Memory Misattribution

What is transience

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

What is Ebbinghaus research

Discovered the forgetting curve, memory is improved when learning is spread out

Retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

What is absentmindedness

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

What is prospective memory

remembering to do something in the future

What's the link between prospective memory and absentmindedness

forgetting to do something when you set out to do it

What is blocking

Sudden interruption in train of thought, unable to complete sentence

What is memory misattribution

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

What is source memory

recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

Suggestibility is what

Outside suggestions influence an individuals memory

What are the two types of bias

Change Bias and Hindsight bias

What is change bias

the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past

What is hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

What is persistence in memory failures

intrusive memories and flashbulb memories

What are intrusive memories

memories occur without any effort or intention to recall them disrupting thought

What are flashbulb memories

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

What are examples of flashbulb memories

9/11, Kobe's Death