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what are the roles of a first aider
initial care
to give treatment to a person who becomes ill or injured
to care for a casualty until more qualified help arrives
what are the priorities of first aid
preserve life
alleviate suffering
prevent the situation getting worse
promote casualty recovery
priorities of treating casualty
emergency cpr
management of choking
control life threatening bleeding
care of the unconscious breathing casualty
3 items of personal protective equipment
protective gloves
apron
face mask
whats the importance of hygiene and the precautions you would take during a first aid incident
the importance of hygiene is to keep you safe and the casualty safe
precautions you should take is to make sure no skin is displayed especially you arms and hands
what is primary survey
assessing the casualty for life threatening injuries
secondary survey
determining the background to an injury
what to avoid with hygeine
touching wound
touching dressing
talking
coughing
sneeze
how to roll patient
look around
check if awake
kneel by casualty
turn head to face away from you
place close arm up
one arm grab further arm and roll
support head
stomach facing ceiling
check breathing
recovery position
arm nearest to you in right angle up palm up
bend other arm across to touch cheek
palm facing outwards
keep hand supporting hand
bend furthest knee
roll
make sure leg is over
make sure head tilted back
pinch thumb to check circulation
why do you turn a casualty from their front to back
so they have acess to more oxygen
cpr
why is it important to place a casualty who you are sure is breathing normally into the recovery position
incase they need to throw up
typical causes of unconsciousness
head injury
drugs
how do you open a casualties airway
head tilt
chin lift
what can cause asphyxia
strangulation
what treatment do you give someone who is suffering from a seizure
protect head
remove restrictive clothes
note seizure duration
not seizure time
what is the chain of survival
early recognition
early cpr
early defibrillator
post resuscitation care
A B C stand for
airway - make sure that the casualties airway is open
breathing- look,listen and feel for breathing (10 seconds)
circulation - start chest compressions
what does the 4 B’s stand for
breathing
bleeding
burns
bones
consent
where posible always ask the casualties permission prior to giving first aid if casualty doesnt consent and its am emergency call 999
what does DRABC stand for
danger - is there any danger to yourself or the casualty
response - does the casualty respond
airway - is the airway open and clear
breathing - is the casualty breathing normallly
circulation - is there any severre bleeding
what is history asking for
medical history
information on a medic alert bracelet
medicine
what is symptoms looking for
how they feel what the casualty tells you
what is signs looking for
something you can see,hear,feel or smell
whats the signs and symptoms of an unconsious patient
unable to tell you any of thier symptoms
altered level of consciousness ranging from drouziness and confusion to deep coma
shake them gently and talk to them
treatment of unconsious patient
PRIMARY SURVEY AND CPR IF REQUIRED
treat major bleeding
if unconsicous due to accident complete secondary servay and treat any injuries
losen any clothing around neck, chest and waist
protecct from cold and wet conditions
recovery position if bleeding is normal
monitor casualty
record changes in condition at regular times
symptoms and signs of seizures
collapesd suddenly
muscles stiffen
lips go blue
limbs jerk
eyes roll
teeth clench
drooling
treatment of seizure
remove dangerous objects
protect head
loosen restricted clothing around neck
time seizure
make sure casualty fully recovered
absense seizure symptoms
jerking
twitching
plucking clothes
swallowing repeatedly
lip smacking
wandering around dazed
absence seizure treatment
guide away from danger
sit/lie down
choking symptoms
eating
grips throat
distressed
speaking
coughing
blue face
unconscious
treatment coughing
if weak breathing
5 back blows
if fails 5 adominal thrusts
external bleeding symptoms
pain
thirst
weak but rapid pulse
external bleeding treatment
wear gloves
sit down
examin wound
apply pressure
treat for shock
amputation symptoms
pain
thirst
weak rapid pulse
amputation treatment
gloves
sit down
examin wound
apply pressure
treat for shock
bleeding from nose treatment
dizziness
weakness
confusion
feeling faint
bleeding from nose treatment
head tilt forward
breathe through mouth
apply pressure yo middle of nose below bridge
dont speak
swallow
cough
sniff
if lasts more then 10 mins call 999
internal bleeding symptoms
pale
cold
clammy
confusion
restlessness
bruising
internal bleeding treatment
999
treat shock
minor injuries treatment
clean
remove dirt
dry wound
plaster
splinter symptoms
pain
splinter
treatment for splinter
wear gloves
clean area
pull splinter out same way it came in
squeeze so blood comes out
minor burns and scalds symptoms
pain
thickness
shock
breathing difficulties
blistering
swelling
redness
clear fluid
burn and scalds treatment
cool water 20 mins
dont remove stuck clothing
remove jewlery
cover eith non adhesive dressing
symptoms of shock
dizziness
confusion
disorientation
nausea
thirst
pale
cold
clammy
blue lips
weak pulse
rapid breathing
unconscious
shock treatment
lie down
raise legs
loosen tight clothing
reassure
no food or drink
fainting symptons
nausea
blurred vision
black spots
pale
sweaty hands
fainting treatment
reasure
deep breathes
lie down
loosen tight clothing
raise legs if fainted
check airway is clear
sun burn signs
itching
pain
dizzy
shock
red
blisters
burns
sweat
sunburn treatment
go to shade
cold water
water 20 mins
electric shock symptoms
pain
shock
jolt
shake
jump
burns
unconscious
no breathing
electric shock treatment
isolate power turn off main supply
dont touch casualty
dont touch anything wet
signs for fractures
pain
hard to move
cracking
bleeding
swelling
deformity
fracture treatment
keep same position
support limb
dislocation symptoms
nausea
reluctant to move
deformed
dislocation treatment
find most comfortable
support limb
do not relocate
sprain symptoms
pain
difficulty moving
swelling
bruising
discolouration
strain symptoms
localised intense pain
swelling
severe cramp
treatment for sprains and strains (RICE)
rest
ice
comfortable
position
elevation
cramp symptoms
pain
cannot relax muscle
muscle hard and tight
cramp treatment
support
stretch muscle
massage
rest
spinal injury symptoms
lack of movement
disorientation
numbness
pain
bryising
swelling
deformity
loss if muscle control
recognising spinal injury
history
severe impact
spinal injury treatment
hold head
reasure
monitor
head injury symptoms
nausea
short term memory liss
headache
seizure
changes in skin
dialated pupils
bleeding
soft area if depression in skull
head injuries treatment
ask to lie down
keep body inline if neck injury
put in recovery position if breathing normally and unconscious
penetrating chest injury symptom
difficult breathing
pain
open wound
grey/blue skin
coughing blood
bubbling blood from wound
sound of air being sucked in
penetrating chest injury treatment
leaning toward injury
controll bleeding eith pressure
if unconcious recovery position
dont cover up chest wound
flail chest symptoms
Painful shallow breathing
Severe difficult whilst trying to breathe
Symptoms of a fracture
Paradoxical chest movements
flail hair treatment
Call 999/112 for emergency help
St the casualty in the most comfortable postion leaning towards the injured side . support the arm on the injured side to halo keep the weight of the arm off the injury (an elevation sling can be applied)
If the casualty becomes unconscious and you are sure they are breathing normally, place them in the recovery position (with the injured side down) and monitor breathing regularly
If the casualty is not breathing normally, start CPR
fractured ribs symptoms
Pain at the site of injury
Swelling or tenderness
Difficulty breathing
Bruising at the site
fractured ribs treatment
Help the casualty sit down
Support their arm on the injured side
Arrange transport to hospital
eye injury symptoms
Itchy
Pain in or around the eye Vision may be impaired
Eye may water
•
Redness and swelling around the eye
• Inability to open the injured eye
eye injury treatment
Take particular care if the casualty is wearing contact lenses
Advise the casualty not to rub the eye
Gently separate the eyelids with your finger and thumb
Examine the eye
If you can see a foreign body, wash it out with a sterile solution or tap water, tilting the head to ensure water runs away from the good eye
If this does not work, carefully apply an eye pad to the affected eye, tell the casualty to close their good eye to help keep the injured eye still
Make arrangements for the casualty to get medical help (even if the item has been removed)
If there is an injury to the eye from chemical exposure
Wash the eye with a continuous flow of Cool water for at least 20 minutes, tilting the head to ensure water runs away from the good eye
Where possible, give the details of the chemical to the emergency services on arrival these can be found on the bottle, container or product/safety data sheet)
dental injury symptoms
Pain
• Difficulty speaking
• Damage to tooth/ teeth
swelling
dental injuries treatment
Where a tooth is broken or chipped:
Retrieve any broken parts and store in cow's
milk
Encourage the casualty to rinse their mouth with warm water
Seek immediate attention from a dentist
Where a tooth is knocked out:
If possible, ask the casualty to place the tooth back into the socket (pick the tooth up by the crown and rinse it under cold water for a maximum of 10 seconds)
If this is not possible, rinse it under cold water for a maximum of 10 seconds and wrap the tooth in cling film. Alternatively, if water is not available store it in cow's milk
Seek immediate attention from a dentist, taking the tooth with them
Where the socket is bleeding, get the casualty to bite on a sterile pad and maintain pressure
poison symptoms
Difficulty breathing
Dizziness
Nausea
Abdominal pains
Confusion
Headache
Evidence of the poisonous substance e.g. chemical, drug, medication, food
Unusual smell on breath e.g. gases
Vomiting
Burns and swelling
Pale skin
poison treatment
Move the casualty to a safe pace
Remove cause (where possible)
Do not induce vomiting
Those who may have swallowed corrosive substances, rinse the mouth and give sips of water or milk
Treat injuries e.g. burns
If the casualty is unconscious and you are sure they are breathing normally, place them into the recovery position and monitor their breathing
Call 999/112 for emergency help
If CPR is required use a face mask (barrier resuscitation)
Collect and pass on to the emergency services any information about the poison
anaphylaxis symptom
Swollen tongue
Hoarse voice
Difficulty swallowing
Difficult or noisy breathing
Wheeze or persistence cough
. Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
• Anaphylactic shock other Symptoms
These symptoms can also ocour on their own, without the more severe ones. Where that is the case, the reaction is likely to be less serious, but you should monitor them carefully in case any of the more severe ones develop.
Swelling of the hands, feet, face or skin (angioedema)
Red itchy rash or raised areas of skin (hives or urticaria)
Widespread flushing of the skin
Anxiety/panic, feeling of terror
An allergic individual may be wearing a medical alert bracelet.
Anaphylaxis can also cause life threatening problems to the casualty's airways, breathing and/or circulation:
Airways - swelling of the lips, throat, tongue, stridor (a high-pitched wheezing sound)
Breathing - breathing difficulties, wheezy sound, fatigue, confusion
•Circulation - the casualty's blood vessels may start to dilate which could cause them to become weak, floppy, faint, pale, clammy and drowsy
anaphylaxis treatment
Ask the casualty if they have their auto-injector* with them e.g. EpiPen®, Jext® or Emerade®
The casualty should administer their own medication, as prescribed: adults will generally self-medicate, and the parent or guardian will most likely medicate a child
Call 999/112 for emergency help following the use of the first device, even if there is immediate improvement or if further devices are available. The emergency services operator must be told the person is suffering from anaphylaxis and needs to be attended by paramedics
If the casualty has difficulty breathing, they may prefer to sit up which may make breathing easier
If the casualty feels faint, lay them down immediately and raise their legs
If the casualty's condition deteriorates after making the initial 999/112 call, a second call to the emergency services should be made to ensure an ambulance has been dispatched
A second dose of medication should be administered if there is no improvement within
5 minutes or if symptoms return
Monitor the casualty's breathing and prepare to give CPR if required
An unconscious casualty who you are sure is breathing normally should be placed in the recovery position and their breathing monitored
insect bites symptoms
The casualty will complain of pain
. In most cases, there will be swelling in the area around the sting, there may be redness
insect bite treatment
If visible, try to remove the sting by brushing it out of and away from the skin using, for example, a fingernail or a plastic card such as a credit card. Do not use tweezers as this may squeeze the poison into the casualty
Apply a cold compress to relieve pain and swelling (for up to 20minutes)
For stings in the mouth, the casualty should suck ice for immediate relief, call 999/112
For severe stings, see treatment for anaphylactic shock
asthma attack symptoms
Breathing difficulties
Difficulty in speaking
Wheezy
Breathlessness
Anxiety (which could have brought on the attack)
• Pale and clammy grey or blue lips
asthma attack treatment
Reassure the casualty
Sit them in a comfortable position
Encourage and assist them to use their prescribed medication (rellever inhaler)
. If they have a spacer device assist them to put it together and use it with the inhaler
The inhaler should be used again if the attack does not ease
Remove from the cause if known (e.g.
dusty room, fumes)
Cold winter air can make an attack worse; do not take the casualty outside in cold air
Call 999/112 for emergency help when:
The casualty becomes unconscious
An attack is severe
An attack lasts for longer than normal
Medication does not help
The person becomes very distressed or exhausted
hyperventilation symptoms
Dizziness or feeling faint
Cramps in the hands and feet
Tight chest
Pins and needles in the hands and arms
Panic
Rapid pulse
Unnaturally fast, deep breathing
Flushed skin
hyperventalation treatment
• Move the casualty 1o a quiet. ao, 3e)
from crowds and bystanders if possible
Reassure the casually but also be calm but
firm
Encourage the casually to take slow breaths through their nose
Where possible, give the casualty small spe of water which will reduce their breathing
Call 999/112 for emergency help if the attack is prolonged
heart attack symptoms
• Dizziness, nausea
Severe crushing or tightening sensation/pain
in the chest
•
Tingling sensation/pain in the left arm, may
spread to jaw or other areas
May be confused with a feeling of indigestion
Rapid, weak or irregular pulse
Feeling of impending doom
Anxiety
Pale, grey skin
Coughing
• Blue tinge to skin and lips
Sweaty skin
Casualty may find breathing difficult
Clutching chest
Sudden collapse
heart attack treatment
Call 999/112 for emergency help
Assist the casualty in a comfortable position, normally half-sitting is often best
Loosen tight clothing around the neck and waist
Ask the casualty if they have any medical conditions or medication and if so, advise them to use as prescribed (casualty may suffer from angina)
Reassure the casualty
If possible, remove any causes of stress or anxiety
Monitor the casualty
Be prepared to perform CPR if the casualty stops breathing
stroke symptoms FAST
F- face wrakness
A- can they raise arms
S- diffuculty speach do then understand you
T- time to call 999
Hypoglycaemia symptoms
Loss of concentration
Rapid pulse
Faintness or dizziness
Trembling of the limbs
Confusion
Occasionally aggressive (mood swings)
Pale skin
Profuse sweating
Shallow breathing
Unconsciousness
The casualty could easily be mistaken for someone who is drunk
Hypoglycaemia treatment
Sit them down and given them a sugary drink, or some other form of sugar (glucose tablets or 15-20g glucose e.g. 150ml glass of non-diet fizzy drink or fruit juice or 3 teaspoons of sugar)
If the casualty responds give further sugary food or drink. Let them rest and advise them to seek further medical advice
If they do not respond to treatment call 999/112 for emergency help
Unconscious casualty
Call 999/112 for the emergency help
If you are sure the casualty is breathing normally, place them into the recovery position and monitor breathing
Monitor airway and breathing
Carry out CPR if required
heat exhaustion symptoms
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Headaches
Dizziness or confusion
Rapid, weakening pulse and breathing
Muscle cramp
Sweating
Pale clammy skin
heat exhaustion treatment
Move the casualty to a cool place
Encourage them to sip water, tea or milk (if they are thirsty) or to rehydrate with an isotonic sports drink
Assist the casualty to lie down and raise their legs
Cool the skin, however, do not allow them to get cold
If the casualty is unconscious and you are sure they are breathing normally, place them in the recovery position and monitor their breathing
Call 999/112 for emergency help
hypothetmia symptoms
Cold
Very slow pulse
• Tired
Sometimes, the body's cooling can happen without anyone noticing, so it's important to be aware of the risks.
Early signs include:
Shivering
Changes in behaviour
Slurred speech
Confusion and/or forgetfulness
Stiffening of muscles
Pale, cold skin
Infants may become quiet
hypothermia treatment
Summon the emergency services
Handle the casualty gently, because in severe cases rushed treatment or movement may cause the heart to stop
Move the casualty to a warm place
Remove wet clothing
Assist the casualty to sit in a comfortable position
Wrap blankets around the casualty to gradually increase their body temperature
In remote circumstances, or if the casualty is wet, put them in a plastic bag up to their neck (this develops a localised warm environment) and cover their head to prevent further heat loss
Sip a warm drink and eat high energy food (e.g. chocolate)
Maintain close observation of the casualty's breathing and level of consciousness
If the casualty is unconscious, and you are sure they are breathing normally, place them in the recovery position
Do not re-warm too quickly (e.g. sitting next to a heater) as this draws blood to the surface of the body, potentially causing blood pressure to fall and causing shock.