first aid

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97 Terms

1
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what are the roles of a first aider

  • initial care

  • to give treatment to a person who becomes ill or injured

  • to care for a casualty until more qualified help arrives

2
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what are the priorities of first aid

  • preserve life

  • alleviate suffering

  • prevent the situation getting worse

  • promote casualty recovery

3
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priorities of treating casualty

  • emergency cpr

  • management of choking

  • control life threatening bleeding

  • care of the unconscious breathing casualty

4
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3 items of personal protective equipment

  • protective gloves

  • apron

  • face mask

5
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whats the importance of hygiene and the precautions you would take during a first aid incident

the importance of hygiene is to keep you safe and the casualty safe

precautions you should take is to make sure no skin is displayed especially you arms and hands

6
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what is primary survey

assessing the casualty for life threatening injuries

7
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secondary survey

determining the background to an injury

8
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what to avoid with hygeine

  • touching wound

  • touching dressing

  • talking

  • coughing

  • sneeze

9
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how to roll patient

  • look around

  • check if awake

  • kneel by casualty

  • turn head to face away from you

  • place close arm up

  • one arm grab further arm and roll

  • support head

  • stomach facing ceiling

  • check breathing

10
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recovery position

  • arm nearest to you in right angle up palm up

  • bend other arm across to touch cheek

  • palm facing outwards

  • keep hand supporting hand

  • bend furthest knee

  • roll

  • make sure leg is over

  • make sure head tilted back

  • pinch thumb to check circulation

11
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why do you turn a casualty from their front to back

  • so they have acess to more oxygen

  • cpr

12
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why is it important to place a casualty who you are sure is breathing normally into the recovery position

incase they need to throw up

13
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typical causes of unconsciousness

  • head injury

  • drugs

14
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how do you open a casualties airway

head tilt

chin lift

15
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what can cause asphyxia

strangulation

16
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what treatment do you give someone who is suffering from a seizure

  • protect head

  • remove restrictive clothes

  • note seizure duration

  • not seizure time

17
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what is the chain of survival

  • early recognition

  • early cpr

  • early defibrillator

  • post resuscitation care

18
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A B C stand for

airway - make sure that the casualties airway is open

breathing- look,listen and feel for breathing (10 seconds)

circulation - start chest compressions

19
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what does the 4 B’s stand for

breathing

bleeding

burns

bones

20
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consent

where posible always ask the casualties permission prior to giving first aid if casualty doesnt consent and its am emergency call 999

21
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what does DRABC stand for

danger - is there any danger to yourself or the casualty

response - does the casualty respond

airway - is the airway open and clear

breathing - is the casualty breathing normallly

circulation - is there any severre bleeding

22
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what is history asking for

  • medical history

  • information on a medic alert bracelet

  • medicine

23
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what is symptoms looking for

how they feel what the casualty tells you

24
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what is signs looking for

something you can see,hear,feel or smell

25
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whats the signs and symptoms of an unconsious patient

  • unable to tell you any of thier symptoms

  • altered level of consciousness ranging from drouziness and confusion to deep coma

  • shake them gently and talk to them

26
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treatment of unconsious patient

  • PRIMARY SURVEY AND CPR IF REQUIRED

  • treat major bleeding

  • if unconsicous due to accident complete secondary servay and treat any injuries

  • losen any clothing around neck, chest and waist

  • protecct from cold and wet conditions

  • recovery position if bleeding is normal

  • monitor casualty

  • record changes in condition at regular times

27
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symptoms and signs of seizures

  • collapesd suddenly

  • muscles stiffen

  • lips go blue

  • limbs jerk

  • eyes roll

  • teeth clench

  • drooling

28
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treatment of seizure

  • remove dangerous objects

  • protect head

  • loosen restricted clothing around neck

  • time seizure

  • make sure casualty fully recovered

29
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absense seizure symptoms

  • jerking

  • twitching

  • plucking clothes

  • swallowing repeatedly

  • lip smacking

  • wandering around dazed

30
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absence seizure treatment

  • guide away from danger

  • sit/lie down

31
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choking symptoms

  • eating

  • grips throat

  • distressed

  • speaking

  • coughing

  • blue face

  • unconscious

32
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treatment coughing

  • if weak breathing

  • 5 back blows

  • if fails 5 adominal thrusts

33
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external bleeding symptoms

  • pain

  • thirst

  • weak but rapid pulse

34
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external bleeding treatment

  • wear gloves

  • sit down

  • examin wound

  • apply pressure

  • treat for shock

35
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amputation symptoms

  • pain

  • thirst

  • weak rapid pulse

36
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amputation treatment

  • gloves

  • sit down

  • examin wound

  • apply pressure

  • treat for shock

37
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bleeding from nose treatment

  • dizziness

    weakness

  • confusion

  • feeling faint

38
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bleeding from nose treatment

  • head tilt forward

  • breathe through mouth

  • apply pressure yo middle of nose below bridge

  • dont speak

  • swallow

  • cough

  • sniff

  • if lasts more then 10 mins call 999

39
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internal bleeding symptoms

  • pale

  • cold

  • clammy

  • confusion

  • restlessness

  • bruising

40
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internal bleeding treatment

999

treat shock

41
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minor injuries treatment

  • clean

  • remove dirt

  • dry wound

  • plaster

42
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splinter symptoms

  • pain

  • splinter

43
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treatment for splinter

  • wear gloves

  • clean area

  • pull splinter out same way it came in

  • squeeze so blood comes out

44
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minor burns and scalds symptoms

  • pain

  • thickness

  • shock

  • breathing difficulties

  • blistering

  • swelling

  • redness

  • clear fluid

45
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burn and scalds treatment

  • cool water 20 mins

  • dont remove stuck clothing

  • remove jewlery

  • cover eith non adhesive dressing

46
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symptoms of shock

  • dizziness

  • confusion

  • disorientation

  • nausea

  • thirst

  • pale

  • cold

  • clammy

  • blue lips

  • weak pulse

  • rapid breathing

  • unconscious

47
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shock treatment

  • lie down

  • raise legs

  • loosen tight clothing

  • reassure

  • no food or drink

48
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fainting symptons

  • nausea

  • blurred vision

  • black spots

  • pale

  • sweaty hands

49
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fainting treatment

  • reasure

  • deep breathes

  • lie down

  • loosen tight clothing

  • raise legs if fainted

  • check airway is clear

50
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sun burn signs

  • itching

  • pain

  • dizzy

  • shock

  • red

  • blisters

  • burns

  • sweat

51
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sunburn treatment

  • go to shade

  • cold water

  • water 20 mins

52
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electric shock symptoms

  • pain

  • shock

  • jolt

  • shake

  • jump

  • burns

  • unconscious

  • no breathing

53
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electric shock treatment

  • isolate power turn off main supply

  • dont touch casualty

  • dont touch anything wet

54
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signs for fractures

  • pain

  • hard to move

  • cracking

  • bleeding

  • swelling

  • deformity

55
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fracture treatment

  • keep same position

  • support limb

56
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dislocation symptoms

  • nausea

  • reluctant to move

  • deformed

57
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dislocation treatment

  • find most comfortable

  • support limb

  • do not relocate

58
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sprain symptoms

  • pain

  • difficulty moving

  • swelling

  • bruising

  • discolouration

59
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strain symptoms

  • localised intense pain

  • swelling

  • severe cramp

60
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treatment for sprains and strains (RICE)

rest

ice

comfortable

position

elevation

61
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cramp symptoms

  • pain

  • cannot relax muscle

  • muscle hard and tight

62
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cramp treatment

  • support

  • stretch muscle

  • massage

  • rest

63
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spinal injury symptoms

  • lack of movement

  • disorientation

  • numbness

  • pain

  • bryising

  • swelling

  • deformity

  • loss if muscle control

64
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recognising spinal injury

history

severe impact

65
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spinal injury treatment

  • hold head

  • reasure

  • monitor

66
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head injury symptoms

  • nausea

  • short term memory liss

  • headache

  • seizure

  • changes in skin

  • dialated pupils

  • bleeding

  • soft area if depression in skull

67
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head injuries treatment

  • ask to lie down

  • keep body inline if neck injury

  • put in recovery position if breathing normally and unconscious

68
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penetrating chest injury symptom

  • difficult breathing

  • pain

  • open wound

  • grey/blue skin

  • coughing blood

  • bubbling blood from wound

  • sound of air being sucked in

69
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penetrating chest injury treatment

  • leaning toward injury

  • controll bleeding eith pressure

  • if unconcious recovery position

  • dont cover up chest wound

70
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flail chest symptoms

Painful shallow breathing

Severe difficult whilst trying to breathe

Symptoms of a fracture

Paradoxical chest movements

71
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flail hair treatment

Call 999/112 for emergency help

St the casualty in the most comfortable postion leaning towards the injured side . support the arm on the injured side to halo keep the weight of the arm off the injury (an elevation sling can be applied)

  • If the casualty becomes unconscious and you are sure they are breathing normally, place them in the recovery position (with the injured side down) and monitor breathing regularly

  • If the casualty is not breathing normally, start CPR

72
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fractured ribs symptoms

Pain at the site of injury

Swelling or tenderness

  • Difficulty breathing

  • Bruising at the site

73
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fractured ribs treatment

  • Help the casualty sit down

  • Support their arm on the injured side

  • Arrange transport to hospital

74
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eye injury symptoms

Itchy

  • Pain in or around the eye Vision may be impaired

  • Eye may water

Redness and swelling around the eye

• Inability to open the injured eye

75
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eye injury treatment

Take particular care if the casualty is wearing contact lenses

  • Advise the casualty not to rub the eye

  • Gently separate the eyelids with your finger and thumb

Examine the eye

  • If you can see a foreign body, wash it out with a sterile solution or tap water, tilting the head to ensure water runs away from the good eye

  • If this does not work, carefully apply an eye pad to the affected eye, tell the casualty to close their good eye to help keep the injured eye still

  • Make arrangements for the casualty to get medical help (even if the item has been removed)

If there is an injury to the eye from chemical exposure

Wash the eye with a continuous flow of Cool water for at least 20 minutes, tilting the head to ensure water runs away from the good eye

Where possible, give the details of the chemical to the emergency services on arrival these can be found on the bottle, container or product/safety data sheet)

76
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dental injury symptoms

Pain

• Difficulty speaking

• Damage to tooth/ teeth

swelling

77
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dental injuries treatment

Where a tooth is broken or chipped:

Retrieve any broken parts and store in cow's

milk

  • Encourage the casualty to rinse their mouth with warm water

  • Seek immediate attention from a dentist

Where a tooth is knocked out:

  • If possible, ask the casualty to place the tooth back into the socket (pick the tooth up by the crown and rinse it under cold water for a maximum of 10 seconds)

  • If this is not possible, rinse it under cold water for a maximum of 10 seconds and wrap the tooth in cling film. Alternatively, if water is not available store it in cow's milk

  • Seek immediate attention from a dentist, taking the tooth with them

Where the socket is bleeding, get the casualty to bite on a sterile pad and maintain pressure

78
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poison symptoms

  • Difficulty breathing

  • Dizziness

  • Nausea

  • Abdominal pains

  • Confusion

  • Headache

  • Evidence of the poisonous substance e.g. chemical, drug, medication, food

  • Unusual smell on breath e.g. gases

  • Vomiting

  • Burns and swelling

  • Pale skin

79
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poison treatment

  • Move the casualty to a safe pace

  • Remove cause (where possible)

  • Do not induce vomiting

  • Those who may have swallowed corrosive substances, rinse the mouth and give sips of water or milk

  • Treat injuries e.g. burns

  • If the casualty is unconscious and you are sure they are breathing normally, place them into the recovery position and monitor their breathing

  • Call 999/112 for emergency help

  • If CPR is required use a face mask (barrier resuscitation)

  • Collect and pass on to the emergency services any information about the poison

80
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anaphylaxis symptom

  • Swollen tongue

  • Hoarse voice

  • Difficulty swallowing

  • Difficult or noisy breathing

  • Wheeze or persistence cough

. Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting

• Anaphylactic shock other Symptoms

These symptoms can also ocour on their own, without the more severe ones. Where that is the case, the reaction is likely to be less serious, but you should monitor them carefully in case any of the more severe ones develop.

Swelling of the hands, feet, face or skin (angioedema)

  • Red itchy rash or raised areas of skin (hives or urticaria)

  • Widespread flushing of the skin

  • Anxiety/panic, feeling of terror

An allergic individual may be wearing a medical alert bracelet.

Anaphylaxis can also cause life threatening problems to the casualty's airways, breathing and/or circulation:

Airways - swelling of the lips, throat, tongue, stridor (a high-pitched wheezing sound)

Breathing - breathing difficulties, wheezy sound, fatigue, confusion

•Circulation - the casualty's blood vessels may start to dilate which could cause them to become weak, floppy, faint, pale, clammy and drowsy

81
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anaphylaxis treatment

  • Ask the casualty if they have their auto-injector* with them e.g. EpiPen®, Jext® or Emerade®

  • The casualty should administer their own medication, as prescribed: adults will generally self-medicate, and the parent or guardian will most likely medicate a child

  • Call 999/112 for emergency help following the use of the first device, even if there is immediate improvement or if further devices are available. The emergency services operator must be told the person is suffering from anaphylaxis and needs to be attended by paramedics

  • If the casualty has difficulty breathing, they may prefer to sit up which may make breathing easier

  • If the casualty feels faint, lay them down immediately and raise their legs

  • If the casualty's condition deteriorates after making the initial 999/112 call, a second call to the emergency services should be made to ensure an ambulance has been dispatched

  • A second dose of medication should be administered if there is no improvement within

  • 5 minutes or if symptoms return

  • Monitor the casualty's breathing and prepare to give CPR if required

  • An unconscious casualty who you are sure is breathing normally should be placed in the recovery position and their breathing monitored

82
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insect bites symptoms

The casualty will complain of pain

. In most cases, there will be swelling in the area around the sting, there may be redness

83
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insect bite treatment

  • If visible, try to remove the sting by brushing it out of and away from the skin using, for example, a fingernail or a plastic card such as a credit card. Do not use tweezers as this may squeeze the poison into the casualty

  • Apply a cold compress to relieve pain and swelling (for up to 20minutes)

  • For stings in the mouth, the casualty should suck ice for immediate relief, call 999/112

  • For severe stings, see treatment for anaphylactic shock

84
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asthma attack symptoms

Breathing difficulties

Difficulty in speaking

Wheezy

Breathlessness

Anxiety (which could have brought on the attack)

• Pale and clammy grey or blue lips

85
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asthma attack treatment

  • Reassure the casualty

  • Sit them in a comfortable position

  • Encourage and assist them to use their prescribed medication (rellever inhaler)
    . If they have a spacer device assist them to put it together and use it with the inhaler

  • The inhaler should be used again if the attack does not ease

  • Remove from the cause if known (e.g.

  • dusty room, fumes)

  • Cold winter air can make an attack worse; do not take the casualty outside in cold air

Call 999/112 for emergency help when:

  • The casualty becomes unconscious

  • An attack is severe

  • An attack lasts for longer than normal

  • Medication does not help

  • The person becomes very distressed or exhausted

86
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hyperventilation symptoms

Dizziness or feeling faint

  • 

  • 

Cramps in the hands and feet

  • Tight chest
    Pins and needles in the hands and arms

  • Panic

  • Rapid pulse

  • Unnaturally fast, deep breathing

  • Flushed skin

87
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hyperventalation treatment

• Move the casualty 1o a quiet. ao, 3e)
from crowds and bystanders if possible
Reassure the casually but also be calm but
firm

Encourage the casually to take slow breaths through their nose

  • Where possible, give the casualty small spe of water which will reduce their breathing

  • Call 999/112 for emergency help if the attack is prolonged

88
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heart attack symptoms

• Dizziness, nausea

Severe crushing or tightening sensation/pain

in the chest

Tingling sensation/pain in the left arm, may

spread to jaw or other areas

May be confused with a feeling of indigestion

Rapid, weak or irregular pulse

Feeling of impending doom

Anxiety

Pale, grey skin

Coughing

• Blue tinge to skin and lips
Sweaty skin
Casualty may find breathing difficult
Clutching chest
Sudden collapse

89
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heart attack treatment

  • Call 999/112 for emergency help

  • Assist the casualty in a comfortable position, normally half-sitting is often best

  • Loosen tight clothing around the neck and waist

  • Ask the casualty if they have any medical conditions or medication and if so, advise them to use as prescribed (casualty may suffer from angina)

  • Reassure the casualty

  • If possible, remove any causes of stress or anxiety

  • Monitor the casualty

  • Be prepared to perform CPR if the casualty stops breathing

90
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stroke symptoms FAST

F- face wrakness

A- can they raise arms

S- diffuculty speach do then understand you

T- time to call 999

91
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Hypoglycaemia symptoms

  • Loss of concentration

  • Rapid pulse

  • Faintness or dizziness

  • Trembling of the limbs

  • Confusion

  • Occasionally aggressive (mood swings)

  • Pale skin

  • Profuse sweating

  • Shallow breathing

  • Unconsciousness

  • The casualty could easily be mistaken for someone who is drunk

92
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Hypoglycaemia treatment

  • Sit them down and given them a sugary drink, or some other form of sugar (glucose tablets or 15-20g glucose e.g. 150ml glass of non-diet fizzy drink or fruit juice or 3 teaspoons of sugar)

  • If the casualty responds give further sugary food or drink. Let them rest and advise them to seek further medical advice

  • If they do not respond to treatment call 999/112 for emergency help

Unconscious casualty

  • Call 999/112 for the emergency help

  • If you are sure the casualty is breathing normally, place them into the recovery position and monitor breathing

  • Monitor airway and breathing

  • Carry out CPR if required

93
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heat exhaustion symptoms

  • Nausea
    Loss of appetite

  • Headaches

  • Dizziness or confusion

  • Rapid, weakening pulse and breathing

  • Muscle cramp

  • Sweating

  • Pale clammy skin

94
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heat exhaustion treatment

  • Move the casualty to a cool place
    Encourage them to sip water, tea or milk (if they are thirsty) or to rehydrate with an isotonic sports drink

  • Assist the casualty to lie down and raise their legs

  • Cool the skin, however, do not allow them to get cold

  • If the casualty is unconscious and you are sure they are breathing normally, place them in the recovery position and monitor their breathing
    Call 999/112 for emergency help

95
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hypothetmia symptoms

Cold

Very slow pulse

• Tired

Sometimes, the body's cooling can happen without anyone noticing, so it's important to be aware of the risks.

Early signs include:

  • Shivering
    Changes in behaviour
    Slurred speech

  • Confusion and/or forgetfulness

  • Stiffening of muscles

  • Pale, cold skin

  • Infants may become quiet

96
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hypothermia treatment

  • Summon the emergency services
    Handle the casualty gently, because in severe cases rushed treatment or movement may cause the heart to stop

  • Move the casualty to a warm place

  • Remove wet clothing

  • Assist the casualty to sit in a comfortable position

  • Wrap blankets around the casualty to gradually increase their body temperature

  • In remote circumstances, or if the casualty is wet, put them in a plastic bag up to their neck (this develops a localised warm environment) and cover their head to prevent further heat loss

  • Sip a warm drink and eat high energy food (e.g. chocolate)

  • Maintain close observation of the casualty's breathing and level of consciousness

  • If the casualty is unconscious, and you are sure they are breathing normally, place them in the recovery position

Do not re-warm too quickly (e.g. sitting next to a heater) as this draws blood to the surface of the body, potentially causing blood pressure to fall and causing shock.

97
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