AP World History (ch 10)

The Western European desire for​ __________ from Southeast Asia and India led to the growth of European commerce and seizure of key international trading routes after 1450.

spices

Although the Vikings had reached North America in the tenth​ century, they failed to establish permanent settlements there because​ __________.

indigenous warriors they encountered had advanced weapons

The​ deep-draft round-hulled sailing ships developed by Europeans in the fifteenth century most contributed to the establishment of a naval military advantage over other trading civilizations because these ships​ __________.

were capable of carrying heavy​ armaments, including cannons

European​ long-distance overseas trade during the fifteenth century was initiated by the kingdom of​ __________.

Portugal

Although the diseases that Europeans brought to the Americas during the Early Modern period may have wiped out as much as 80 percent of the indigenous​ population, a more conservative estimate of​ disease-related fatalities is generally placed at slightly over​ __________ percent.

50.0

The Spanish in the Philippines contributed to the Columbian Exchange by​ __________.

introducing American corn and sweet potatoes to Chinese merchants

What generalization can be made about Western​ Europe's role in the global trade economy during the sixteenth and seventeenth​ centuries?

Western Europe dominated a growing percentage of oceanic shipping but did not displace​ non-Europeans from global trade activity.

How did Western European colonization in Africa and Asia differ from the patterns of colonization in the Americas during the Early Modern​ period?

European control in Africa and Asia was limited to a network of harbors and port cities rather than a conquest of inland territory.

The most active competition in world trade during the Early Modern period emerged​ __________.

among rival European nations

The doctrine of mercantilism stressed that European governments​ __________.

sell exports to as many participants in the global economy as possible

Compared to other global societies encountered by Western Europeans during the Early Modern​ period, Japan's role in world trade​ __________.

was one of almost complete isolation

Western European colonies and overseas empires established in​ __________ tended to have the greatest opportunities for economic success.

the Americas

Vasco de Balboa and Francisco Pizarro both​ __________.

exemplified the greedy and unscrupulous Spanish explorers who conquered much of the Americas

European colonies in North America developed differently from colonies in Latin America and the Caribbean because North American settlement patterns were more affected by the​ __________.

acceptance of European religious refugees

The Seven​ Years' War was different from earlier imperial wars in that it was the​ __________.

first war to be fought in various parts of the world

How did later Portuguese voyages to India compare with Vasco da​ Gama's initial voyage there in​ 1498?

Later Portuguese expeditions were more violent in nature.

What can be said about the Spanish role in exploration and overseas trade that took place by the end of the sixteenth​ century?

Spain was still considered a major world​ power, with colonies in the​ Americas, the​ Pacific, and Asia.

British, French, and Dutch explorations were restricted mainly to the northern regions of the Americas by the end of the sixteenth century because they​ __________.

could not compete with the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Mesoamerica and South America

Dutch voyages of exploration began after they​ __________.

won their independence from Spain

About​ __________ percent of the foods consumed in the world today come from plants of American origin.

30.0

When studying and discussing Western​ Europe's explorations and conquests during the Early Modern​ period, cultural causation can be addressed as a factor because of the​ __________.

innovations introduced by the Renaissance

The battle of Lepanto was important to world trade networks because​ __________.

Muslim rivalry against European naval power diminished in the Mediterranean Sea

When Europeans were unable to establish direct military or colonial control over other areas in the Eastern​ Hemisphere, they​ __________.

created special enclaves in existing cities within these regions

How did​ sub-Saharan African trade patterns change during the Early Modern​ period?

Earlier West African trade patterns across the Sahara were replaced by more dominant Atlantic coastal trade routes controlled by European shippers.

What can be said of the new world economic relationships that developed during the Early Modern​ period?

They were highly​ durable, with many of the dependent areas still carrying some burdens in world trade today.

Tariffs prohibiting the import of cotton cloth produced in India were passed by the British government to​ __________.

protect its own cotton industry

In his description of the Spanish conquest of the Inca​ Empire, Francisco​ Pizarro's brother justified the defeat and eventual murder of Inca ruler Atahuallpa by declaring that the emperor​ __________.

refused to accept Christianity

How did Britain respond to the growing trade exchanges between American merchants and Chinese markets that took place during the late eighteenth​ century?

Britain tried to impose greater limits on American trade to gain greater tax revenues and to guarantee markets for their own merchants.

By​ 1700, almost​ __________ percent of the population in the English North American colonies was of African origin.

25.0

What can be determined about the BritishFrench rivalry in India during the Early Modern​ period?

Britain had the greater advantage there because of its superior navy.

What innovation made Portuguese caravels superior to ships that had previously been used in European​ long-distance maritime​ trade?

new combination of sails

Portugal redoubled its efforts to reach India after​ __________.

Christopher Columbus discovered America for Spain

What other event that occurred in 1492 allowed the Spanish to refocus their energies on overseas​ exploration, beginning with Christopher​ Columbus's voyages to the New World later that​ year?

the final defeat of the Muslims in Spain

The Spanish expedition headed by Amerigo Vespucci resulted in​ __________.

the New World acquiring its current name

How did religion play a role in the British and Dutch ventures involving overseas​ exploration?

As Protestant​ nations, they wanted to rival their European Catholic counterparts in economic gains.

Britain's primary goal in its early explorations of North America was to​ __________.

discover a northwest passage to India

What can be said about the joint stock companies that oversaw​ British, French, and Dutch trading activities in Asia and North​ America?

These companies were generally in political control of the regions these nations claimed.

Historical causation differs from scientific causation in that​ __________ in historical causation.

major developments may resemble each other but never take place in the same way

The introduction of American​ __________ to China by Europeans around 1700 led to major population growth there.

potatoes

How did the Early Modern period and the Columbian Exchange affect the environment in the parts of the Americas colonized by​ Europeans?

Environmental degradation of the North American environment began at this time and would later accelerate.

The Atlantic slave trade from Africa to the Americas differed from earlier systems of slavery in that​ __________.

greater numbers of slaves were involved as part of this system

During the Early Modern​ period, merchants from​ __________ dominated most East Asian markets.

China

Although Spain briefly dominated world trade during the Early Modern​ period, it was displaced by other Western European nations because it​ __________.

did not have a strong banking system

What can be said of the economic relationship between areas such as​ sub-Saharan Africa or Latin America and the European core nations that emerged in the new world trade system during the Early Modern​ Age?

These regions became economic dependents of the core nations in Western Europe.

What role did most peasants in Latin America and​ sub-Saharan Africa play in the new world trade system that emerged during the sixteenth and seventeenth​ centuries?

Most produced goods through traditional methods for local subsistence.

As the African slave population in Antigua and other​ sugar-producing islands in the Caribbean simultaneously grew with the expansion of the estate​ system, laws in the British Caribbean increasingly began to​ __________.

defend slaveowners who killed or abused their slaves

The presence of a mestizo population in the areas of Mesoamerica and South America colonized by the Spanish demonstrated that​ __________.

colonizers from core nations and indigenous people intermixed sexually as well as economically and politically

Which of the following best explains the complicated economic relationship that existed between the West and China during the Early Modern​ period?

Westerners were more eager for Chinese goods than the Chinese were for Western goods.

__________ was the first region colonized by the Spanish after Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492.

The West Indies

What factor gradually led to the implementation of more formal political administrations in the New World colonies founded by Spain and​ Portugal?

the establishment of agricultural setttlements

Compared to their possessions in the Eastern Hemisphere or in the West​ Indies, what impression did the​ British, French, and Dutch have of their colonial holdings along the North American Atlantic seaboard and in Canada during the seventeenth and eighteenth​ centuries?

These colonies were not as valued as European possessions in other parts of the world.

The British colonies in what is now the southern United States were considered to be more important than other British possessions on the Atlantic coast mostly because they​ __________.

produced large amounts of cash crops

The British North American colonies were more similar to the societies of Western Europe than the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America were because British colonists​ __________.

implemented representative institutions and​ self-government

Western values easily spread in the Atlantic colonies and the British and French colonies in Canada because of the​ __________.

limited impact the Native Americans had there

The Portuguese colony of Angola and the Dutch Cape Colony differed from other European colonies established in Africa in that they​ __________.

extended into the African interior