✨Chapter 24 - Digestive System

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Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food that is consumed?

A) mucosa

B) muscularis

C) serosa

D) submucosa

A) mucosa

The enteric plexus is found in the

A) submucosa layer.

B) muscularis layer.

C) serosa layer.

D) both a and b.

E) all of the above.

D) both a and b.

- submucosa layer.

- muscularis layer.

The tongue

A) holds food in place during mastication.

B) plays a major role in swallowing.

C) helps to form words during speech.

D) is a major sense organ for taste.

E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

- holds food in place during mastication.

- plays a major role in swallowing.

- helps to form words during speech.

- is a major sense organ for taste.

Dentin

A) forms the surface of the crown of the teeth.

B) holds the teeth to the periodontal ligaments.

C) is found in the pulp cavity.

D) makes up most of the structure of the teeth.

E) is harder than enamel.

D) makes up most of the structure of the teeth.

The number of premolar deciduous teeth is

A) 0.

B) 2.

C) 4.

D) 8.

E) 12.

A) 0.

Which of these glands does not secrete saliva into the oral cavity?

A) submandibular glands

B) pancreas

C) sublingual glands

D) parotid glands

B) pancreas

The portion of the digestive tract in which digestion begins is the

A) oral cavity.

B) esophagus.

C) stomach.

D) duodenum.

E) jejunum.

A) oral cavity.

During deglutition (swallowing),

A) movement of food results primarily from gravity.

B) the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata is activated.

C) food is pushed into the oropharynx during the pharyngeal phase.

D) the soft palate closes off the opening into the larynx.

B) the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata is activated.

The stomach

A) has large folds in the submucosa and mucosa called rugae.

B) has two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer.

C) opening from the esophagus is the pyloric opening.

D) has an area closest to the duodenum called the fundus.

E) all of the above.

A) has large folds in the submucosa and mucosa called rugae.

Which of these stomach cell types is not correctly matched with its function?

A) surface mucous cells: produce mucus

B) parietal cells: produce hydrochloric acid

C) chief cells: produce intrinsic factor

D) endocrine cells: produce regulatory hormones

C) chief cells: produce intrinsic factor

HCl

A) is an enzyme.

B) creates the acid condition necessary for pepsin to work.

C) is secreted by the small intestine.

D) activates salivary amylase.

E) all of the above.

B) creates the acid condition necessary for pepsin to work.

Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

A) The stomach wall is not composed of protein, so it's not affected by proteolytic enzymes.

B) The digestive enzymes of the stomach are not strong enough to digest the stomach wall.

C) The lining of the stomach wall has a protective layer of epithelial cells.

D) The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

D) The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

Which of these hormones stimulates stomach secretions?

A) cholecystokinin

B) gastric inhibitory peptide

C) gastrin

D) secretin

C) gastrin

Which of these phases of stomach secretion is correctly matched?

A) Cephalic phase: the largest volume of secretion is produced.

B) Gastric phase: gastrin secretion is inhibited by distention of the stomach.

C) Gastric phase: initiated by chewing, swallowing, or thinking of food.

D) Gastrointestinal phase: stomach secretions are inhibited.

D) Gastrointestinal phase: stomach secretions are inhibited.

Which of these structures function to increase the mucosal surface of the small intestine?

A) circular folds

B) villi

C) microvilli

D) length of the small intestine

E) all of the above

E) all of the above

- circular folds

- villi

- microvilli

- length of the small intestine

Given these parts of the small intestine:

1. duodenum

2. ileum

3. jejunum

Choose the arrangement that lists the parts in the order food encounters them as it passes from the stomach through the small intestine.

A) 1,2,3

B) 1,3,2

C) 2,1,3

D) 2,3,1

E) 3,1,2

B) 1,3,2

Which cells in the small intestine have digestive enzymes attached to their surfaces?

A) mucuous cells

B) goblet cells

C) endocrine cells

D) absorptive cells

D) absorptive cells

The hepatic sinusoids

A) receive blood from the hepatic artery.

B) receive blood from the hepatic portal vein.

C) empty into the central veins.

D) all of the above.

D) all of the above.

- receive blood from the hepatic artery.

- receive blood from the hepatic portal vein.

- empty into the central veins.

Given these ducts:

1. common bile duct

2. common hepatic duct

3. cystic duct

4. hepatic ducts

Choose the arrangement that lists the ducts in the order bile passes through them when moving from the bile canaliculi of the liver to the small intestine.

A) 3,4,2

B) 3,2,1

C) 3,4,1

D) 4,1,2

E) 4,2,1

E) 4,2,1

4. hepatic ducts

2. common hepatic duct

1. common bile duct

Which of these might occur if a person suffers from a severe case of hepatitis that impairs liver function?

A) Fat digestion is difficult.

B) By-products of hemoglobin breakdown accumulate in the blood.

C) Plasma proteins decrease in concentration.

D) Toxins in the blood increase.

E) All of the above.

E) All of the above.

- Fat digestion is difficult.

- By-products of hemoglobin breakdown accumulate in the blood.

- Plasma proteins decrease in concentration.

- Toxins in the blood increase.

The gallbladder

A) produces bile.

B) stores bile.

C) contracts and releases bile in response to secretin.

D) contracts and releases bile in response to sympathetic stimulation.

E) both b and c.

B) stores bile.

The aqueous component of pancreatic secretions

A) is secreted by the pancreatic islets.

B) contains bicarbonate ions.

C) is released primarily in response to cholecystokinin.

D) passes directly into the blood.

E) all of the above.

B) contains bicarbonate ions.

Given these structures:

1. ascending colon

2. descending colon

3. sigmoid colon

4. transverse colon

Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order that food encounters them as it passes between the small intestine and the rectum.

A) 1,2,3,4

B) 1,4,2,3

C) 2,3,1,4

D) 2,4,1,3

E) 3,4,1,2

B) 1,4,2,3

1. ascending colon

4. transverse colon

2. descending colon

3. sigmoid colon

Which of these is not a function of the large intestine?

A) absorption of fats

B) absorption of certain vitamins

C) absorption of water and salts

D) production of mucus

E) all of the above

A) absorption of fats

Defecation

A) can be initiated by stretch of the rectum.

B) can occur as a result of mass movements.

C) involves local reflexes.

D) involves parasympathetic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord.

E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

- can be initiated by stretch of the rectum.

- can occur as a result of mass movements.

- involves local reflexes.

- involves parasympathetic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord.

Which of these structures produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates?

A) salivary glands

B) pancreas

C) lining of the small intestine

D) both a and b

E) all of the above

E) all of the above

- salivary glands

- pancreas

- lining of the small intestine

Bile

A) is an important enzyme for the digestion of fats.

B) is made by the gallbladder.

C) contains breakdown products from hemoglobin.

D) emulsifies fats.

E) both c and d.

E) both c and d.

C) contains breakdown products from hemoglobin.

D) emulsifies fats.

Micelles are

A) lipids surrounded by bile salts.

B) produced by the pancreas.

C) released into lacteals.

D) stored in the gallbladder.

E) reabsorbed in the colon.

A) lipids surrounded by bile salts.

If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of these classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?

A) amino acids

B) glucose

C) lipids

D) fructose

E) nucleotides

C) lipids

Which of these lipoprotein molecules transports excess lipids from cells back to the liver?

A) high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

B) low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

C) very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

A) high-density lipoprotein (HDL)