DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

common test performed on pets to provide objcetive information about the general health status of an animal

complete blood count (CBC)

RBC PARAMETERS

1. RBC COUNT

2. HCT (HEMATOCRIT)

3. HGB (HEMOGLOBIN)

indicates the volume of the “average” red blood cell (RBC) in a sample

MCV (MEAN CELL VOLUME)

increase in rbc parameters indicates

• dehydration

• ds of increased production of rbcs

decrease in rbc parameters indicates

• anemia

• decreased oxygen-carrying capability of the blood

increase of mcv indicates:

• presence or larger than normal cells (may related to young cells during response to an anemia)

decrease in mcv may indicate:

• smaller than normal cells which may be associated with chronic blood loss/ iron deficiency

MCH

mean cell hemoglobin

MCHC

MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION

increase in mch/mchc may indicates

• presence of hemolysis

• inference in hemoglobin measurement

decrease in mch/mchc may indicate:

• decreased hemoglobin concentration

• anemia

• chronic blood loos/ iron deficiency

RDW

red cell distribution width

increases in this objective measure of variability of RBC size indicates increased variability in size that can aid the veterinarian in identifying the cause of an RBC problem

RDW (RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH)

RETIC

RETICULOCYTES

increase in reticulocytes may indicate:

• growing number of immature rbcs

• response to a peripheral demand for rbcs

decrease in reticulocytes may indicate:

• few or no immature rbcs

• body is unable to respond to a demand for rbcs

• non regenerative anemia

increase in wbc may indicate:

• inflammation

• stress

• excitement

• leukemia

decrease in wbc may indicate:

• overwhelming inflammation

• bone marrow failure

inflammatory cell associated with infectious and non infectious disease processes

NEU (NEUTROPHILS)

immune cell highly responsive to “stress” and potentially increased during chronic infection

LYM (LYMPHOCYTES)

inflammatory cell associated with repair of tissue injury

MONO (MONOCYTES)

inflammatory cell associated with parasitic disease, hypersensitivity and allergy

EOS (EOSINOPHILS

BASO (BASOPHILS

PLT

PLATELET

PCT

PLATELET CRIT

increase in PLT/PCT may indicate:

• hypercoagulate state

decrease in PLT/PCT may indicate:

• decreased production (bone marrow failure)

• increase consumption (coagulation, inflammation)

• destruction in the blood (infectious, immune mediated)

MPV

MEAN PLATELET VOLUME

increase indicate presence of larger than normal platelets commonly associated with response to need for platelets

MPV (MEAN PLATELET VOLUME)

PDW

PLATELET DISTRIBUTION WIDTH

decreased in pdw may be seen in

immune mediated thrmbocytopenia

profiling renal function

1. BUN - BLOOD UREA NITROGEN

2. CREATINE

3. SDMA -SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE

4. URINALYSIS AND URINE CONCENTRATION

produced in the liver from ammonia as a waste product of protein metabolism

urea

normally excreted primarily by the kidneys

BUN

elevated BUN may indicated

reduced renal excretion

dehydration

high protein diet

GI bleeding

produced at a relatively constant rate by muscle metabolism and excreted by kidneys

creatinine

traditional marker for GFR

creatinine

newer biomarker of renal function in cats and dogs

SDMA

increases earlier than creatinine (with 25-40% decline in GFR) and is less influenced by muscle mass

SDMA

useful for early detection of renal dysfunction and in animals with muscle wasting or older age

SDMA

measures kidneys concentrating ability; early indicator of renal dysfunction

urine specific gravity

identifies casts, crystals, cells, or signs of infection/ inflammation

urine sediment

profiling liver function (LIVER INJURY)

1. ALT - ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE

2. AST - ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE

3. SDH - SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE

4. GLDH - GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE

5. LDH - LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE

this enzyme is used primarily in dogs and cats to evaluate hepatocellular damage

ALT - ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE

liver profiling (cholestasis: cholestatic enzymes

1. ALP - ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

2. GGT - GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE

liver function: cholestasis bilirubin

1. total and direct bilirubin

2. total bilirubin

3. indirect bilirubin

4. bile acids

5. ammonia

measures the sum of unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin in the blood

total and direct bilirubin

formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the spleen and reticuloendothelial system

indirect bilirubin

synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, then stored in the gall bladder

bile acids

produced from amino acid and protein breakdown and by gut microbes

ammonia

absorbed into portal blood and converted to urea in the liver via the urea cycle

ammonia

profiling liver function: blood flow shunting

1. bile acids

2. ammonia

profiling muscle injury

1. CK - CREATININE KINASE

2. AST - ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE

3. ALT - ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE

4. LDH - LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE

profiling pancreatic function

1. AMYLASE

2. LIPASE / PANCREATIC LIPASE

3. TL1 - TRYPSIN LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY

4. TEST KITS

PROFILING METABOLISM GLUCOSE

1. BLOOD GLUCOSE

2. GLUCOMETER

3. URINE GLUCOSE

Measures blood sugar concentration to assess carbohydrate metabolism and pancreatic function

BLOOD GLUCOSE

Helps diagnose diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, and stress-related hyperglycemia

GLUCOMETER

Usually measured on a dip stick

URINE GLUCOSE

Diseases associated with glucosuria depend on the renal threshold for glucose

URINE GLUCOSE

PROFILING METABOLISM LIPIDS

1. CHOLESTEROL

2. TRIGLYCERIDES

PROFILING ELECTROLYTES

1. SODIUM

2. POTASSIUM

3. CHLORIDE

Main intracellular cation, essential for heart rhythm, renal sodium balance,andacid base regulation

potassium

Main extracellular anion, working with sodium to maintain electrical neutrality and fluid balance.

chloride

Main extracellular cation, essential for fluid balance, electrolyte transport,andnervefunction. Ithelpsthekidneysreabsorbwaterandconcentrateurine.

sodium

PROFILING MINERALS

1. CALCIUM'

2. PHOSPHATE

3. MAGNESIUM

PROFILING IRON METABOLISM

1. IRON

2. TOTAL IRON BINDING CAPACITY

3. TRANSFERRIN SATURATION

PROFILING PROTEIN METABOLISM

1. TOTAL PROTEIN

2. ALBUMIN

3. GLOBULIN

4. ALBUMIN / GLOBULIN RATIO