CH18 US History Honors

imperialism

policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

What fueled American imperialism?

Manifest Destiny + 3 factors; 1. desire for military strength (modern battleships built); 2. thirst for new markets (solve overproduction, unemployment, and economic depression); 3. belief in cultural superiority (Social Darwinism + Anglo-Saxon superiority; spread Christianity + civilization)

Admiral Alfred Mahan

urged US to build up military/navy to compete w/ other nations

William Seward

arranged sale of Alaska from Russians for $7.2 million (2 cents an acre), "Seward's Icebox" or "Seward's Folly" rich in resources

Pearl Harbor

port used as a naval base by the U.S. navy since 1887

Queen Liliuokalani

queen of the Hawaiian people; proposed removing property qualifications for voting

Sanford B. Dole

American planter who headed the government of HI when US businessmen took over the gov

U.S. claims Hawaii

had been used by merchants since the late 1700's on voyages to China

McKinley Tariff (1890) eliminated duty-free status of planters (sugar)

business groups w/ military help overthrew the queen

1898 Hawaiin becomes a territory

1959 Hawaii became the 50th state

Jose Marti

Cuban journalist, organized revolution in 1895 to achieve Cuba Libre

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish general sent to restore order; herded thousands into concentration camps (many died)

Spain recalled in 1987 and gave limited self gov to the Cuban people

newspaper tycoons who were famous for yellow journalism

William Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer

yellow journalism

exaggerating the news to lure & enrage readers

de Lome Letter

Spanish minister who wrote letter criticizing Pres. McKinley- angers Americans (1898)

USS Maine

exploded in the harbor of Havana killing 260 (Feb. 1898)

Rallying cry for war “Remember the Maine”

Spain was blamed for the explosion & Congress declared war on April 20th

1st battle of war

in Philippines- surprise to the Spanish

George Dewey

Commodore of U.S. fleet attacked Spanish at Manila (Philippines)

destroying every ship, he landed US troops & conquered the island in 2 months

Caribbean campaign

began w/ a naval blockade

US army was small, inexperienced, ill-prepared but landed in Cuba on June 1898

infantry included 1 African American regiments

Rough Riders

volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt

San Juan Hill

strategically important battle that gave great fame to Teddy Roosevelt (played minor role) & led to the destruction of the retreating Spanish fleet

"A Splendid Little War"

led by Secretary of State John Hay

15 weeks, less than 350 combat deaths

Treaty of Paris (Dec 1898)

Spain freed Cuba & gave the islands of Guam & Puerto Rico to the U.S.

Spain sold the Philippines for $20 million (debate over the annexation of the Philippines ensued; argument-violated Declaration of Independence by denying self-government )

Philippines annexed in 1899

gained independence in 1946

U.S. Control over Puerto Rico

originally controlled by the U.S. military

strategically important in:

maintaining presence in the Caribbean and protecting a future canal

Foracker Act

1917- Puerto Ricans could elect both houses of their legislature & became U.S. citizens

Foraker Act

1900 ended military rule & set up civil gov in PR

American occupation of Cuba

US protectorate

the same officials who served Spain remained

protesters were imprisoned or exiled

U.S. military provided food, clothing, medicine, built schools, & eliminated yellow fever

Platt Amendment

Platt Amendment

allowed for the buying or leasing of land for naval stations

Cuba could not go into debt, gave U.S. right to intervene, no treaties that limited independence

protectorate

country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power (Cuba)

political presence important for American businesses and investors

Emilio Aguinaldo

rebel leader angered by the annexation of the Philippines; used guerrilla tactics against U.S.

How U.S. responded to Filipino rebellion

forcing people into designated living zones

rebellion put down after 3 years

John Hay

U.S. Secretary of State who issued Open Door Notes

Open Door Notes

letters to imperialist nations asking countries to share trading rights w/ U.S. in China (no monopolies)

Boxer Rebellion

(1900) Chinese secret society failed attempt to free their country from Western influence

3 beliefs about US economy reflected by open door policy

1. growth of economy depended on exports

2. US could intervene abroad to keep markets open

3. closing an arena to US products threatened US survival

President Theodore Roosevelt

increases American influence in the world

VP Teddy Roosevelt becomes the 26th President after McKinley is assassinated

Roosevelt mediates a settlement in a war between Russia & Japan; Treaty of Portsmouth (NH) won him a 1906 Nobel Peace Prize

Panama Canal

Roosevelt pushes for a canal cutting across Central America

Panamanians (backed by the U.S.) rebelled against Columbia (ruled Panama)

U.S. agrees to pay flat fee + yearly rent & work began 1904

one of the greatest engineering feats of all time

thousands died from accidents or disease (~5,600)

canal opened 1914; Panama gained control 1999

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine

U.S. claimed the right to protect its economic interests w/ military intervention in the affairs of W hemisphere nations

based SA policy on W African proverb: "Speak softly and carry a big stick"

dollar diplmacy

tactic used to keep European powers out of the W hemisphere (Taft); U.S. used economic power to back loans made by other countries

missionary diplomacy

U.S. had a moral obligation to deny recognition to oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile governments in Latin America (Wilson)

Mexican Revolution 1911

Wilson (opposes regime) uses bogus incident to invade Veracruz -1914

US involvement proved imperialist attitudes

Francisco "Pancho" Villa & Emiliana Zapata

rebels who opposed new govt.

undermined new govt. relationship w/ U.S.

killed 18 American engineers & raided New Mexico killing 17

John J. Pershing

U.S. general ordered to invade & capture Villa

U.S. eventually recalls Pershing w/ war likely in Europe (WWI)

3 foreign policy goals U.S. achieved in early 20th century

1. expanded access to foreign markets

2. built a modern navy to protect interests abroad

3. exercised international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America

U.S. territories to know

Hawaii

Guam

Philippines

American Samoa

Puerto Rico

Cuba

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