Anthropology 101 Final

According to Pnina Werbner, there are two different social processes that can be used to distinguish practices of 'everyday' ethnic identification from racism. The first is ______, which looks at the construction of a public identity. The other is ________, which is a form of negative racial or ethnic absolutism.

objectification; reification

Holism in anthropology is defined in the text as

integrating what is known about human beings and their activities at an inclusive level

According to the text, culture consists of

sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society, together with the material artifacts and structures that human beings create and use

Which of the following is NOT a major subfield of North American anthropology?

Physiological anthropology

When anthropologists say that human beings are biocultural organisms, they mean that

human biology and culture both contribute to human behavior.

The branch of anthropology that is concerned with discovering what makes human beings different from other living organisms and what human beings share with other members of the animal kingdom is called

biological anthropology.

Social groupings that allegedly reflect biological differences are called

races.

A comparative study of many cultures is called

ethnology.

Anthropologists use the term "gender" to refer to

a culturally shaped role for each sex in a given society.

The major specialty within anthropology that involves the analysis of the material remains of the human past is called

archaeology.

What term refers to the deliberate representations of particular identities as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, thus making them appear eternal and unchanging?

Naturalizing discourses

Anthropologists are suspicious of naturalizing discourses because they ignore historical evidence showing how present-day arrangements contrast with earlier social arrangements.

True

Stratification is based heavily on culturally invented differences between groups of people.

True

Class is a ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria.

True

What term refers to individuals belonging to upper and lower levels in a stratified society that are linked socially?

Clientage

Carla Jones studied the middle class in Indonesia, and argues that middle-class status is ___________.

highly gendered

Like class systems, caste systems afford all peoples in the society equal access to goods, services and prestige.

False

The economic status of any particular jati in Gopalpur

has no direct correlation with the status of that jati on the scale of purity and pollution.

According to Sara Dickey, class status depends on cultural capital (how you speak, dress, what kind of housing you live in, what kinds of consumer goods you possess)

True

Racial categories have always existed around the world and therefore should be considered innate and universal.

False

What term describes the systematic oppression of one or more socially defined "races" by another socially defined "race" that is justified in terms of the supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule?

True

What term describes the systematic oppression of one or more socially defined "races" by another socially defined "race" that is justified in terms of the supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule?

Racism

Because ethnicity, like race is culturally constructed, many anthropologists would argue ___________.

that ethnicity is created by historical processes under conditions of inequality

In societies with colorism, individuals negotiate their color identity in every social situation.

True

The notion of a "human right" is a constant concept, inherent in the hearts and minds of all members of our species. As such, culture has no bearing on its understanding or distribution

False

lndigeneity is supposed to refer to a primordial identity that preceded the establishment of colonial states, but indigenous is also a badge of identity and a legal term that has been included in international conventions.

True

If people are believed to have no choice but to follow the rules of the culture into which they were born, then international interference with customs that violate international human rights violate the right of members of the group to practice their own customs.

True

The gender roles of men and women in societies throughout the world are predictable and universal in that they the same in every society.

False

In the textbook, anthropology is defined as the study of

human nature, human society, and the human past.

Which of the following terms have anthropologists used to refer to the observable physical characteristics that distinguish the two kinds of human beings, male and female, needed for human biological reproduction?

Sex

Individuals' own sense of themselves based on such features of culturally informed notions of "masculinity" and "femininity" is shaped by the historical, economic, political, and sociocultural settings in which they live their lives is referred to as

Gender identidy

Intersectionality suggests that the content of a woman's gender identity may be shaped by culturally informed definitions of various social groups such as ethnicity and religion.

True

According to the study of gender performativity, we "do gender"

at all times because gender is not something that we "are."

What term describes the process in which humans would surrender some of their individual liberty in order to create a shared government that would protect the weak from the strong?

Social contract

According to Donna Haraway's "cyborg anthropology," which of the following statements is true?

Blurred boundaries between what have been taken as "natural" organisms and "cultural" technologies.

In the case study of Mombasa Swahili women,

a marriage between a poor husband and a rich wife might be more shocking than a lesbian relationship between a rich woman and a poor one

Individuals' own sense of themselves based on such features of culturally informed notions of "masculinity" and "femininity" is shaped by the historical, economic, political, and sociocultural settings in which they live their lives is referred to as

gender identidy

Ethnographic studies of issues affecting women far outnumber ethnographic studies of men and masculinities in different societies, but this is changing, leading to new empirical discoveries and theoretical innovations.

True

The traditional ideas of masculinity or machismo in Nicaragua illustrate which of the following points regarding cultural differences in the interpretation of sexual acts?

That being a macho man requires using the penis as a weapon to dominate. correct

Intersectionality suggests that the content of a woman's gender identity may be shaped by culturally informed definitions of various social groups such as ethnicity and religion.

True

According to Roy Richard Grinker, Lese men

used the same unequal gender categories for their wives and their Efe trading partners.

As feminist scholars struggled to debunk supposedly universal "truths" about women, they came to realize that "women" itself is a problematic category.

True

Understanding cultural identity as something people perform compels anthropologists to think of individuals as agents who have mastered, and are capable of executing, a range of skills appropriate to the public display of particular identities before particular audiences.

True

In Nicaragua, Lancaster uses the term transvestics to encompass everything from these everyday forms of gender mimicry to fully fledged performances that cite not only gendered speech but also gendered forms of dress and bodily movement

True

Anthropologists perceive human bodies as massive, inert matter that is malleable and shaped by sociocultural conditions.

False

Affect is the term that Foucault used to describe modern states that depend on statistical information about their populations in order to devise ways of regulating those populations?

False

Donna Haraway has condemned human alliances with machines in the contemporary world as contrary to all the needs and goals of feminists.

False

According to Donna Haraway's "cyborg anthropology," which of the following statements is true?

She contrasted the isolating relations promoted by politics based on identity with politics based on affinity.

Cybernetic connections can be found everywhere today, from computerized management of large informational databases in government and private industry, to online computer gaming, to your personal relationship with your smart phone.

True

What term describes the position that heterosexuality is the only correct form of human sexual expression is

heteronormativity.

What is the term proposed in the 1960s by medical researchers to classify individuals who, in one way or another, seemed dissatisfied with the sex and gender assignments they had received at birth?

Transgender

Which of the following could be considered true regarding heteronormativity?

Those supporting heteronormativity may contribute to the bias inherent in heterosexism.

The term berdache refers to indigenous social roles in which men and sometimes women were allowed to take on the activities and sometimes the dress of members of the other sex.

True

Which of the following statements about same-sex practices of people with female bodies is inaccurate, according to research conducted by Saskia Wieringa and Evelyn Blackwood?

Homosexuality is "un-African."

According to Wilk and Cliggett, which model of human nature pays attention to the way people form groups and exercise power?

The social model

Anthropologists investigate differences in human ______________ in three key domains: economic relations, political relations, and kinship.

social organization

Which term refers to the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living?

Economic anthropology

Most anthropologists agree that production, distribution, and consumption are the three major phases of economic activity.

true

The using up of material goods necessary for human physical survival is called ____________.

consumption

Redistribution is a mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization, such as can be seen in chiefdoms.

True

All of these are forms of reciprocity except:

distributive

Anthropologists consider a reciprocal situation in which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing to be _____________.

negative reciprocity

A Marxist perspective of economic activities is based heavily on understanding the interpersonal relationships that facilitate and maintain systems of reciprocity.

False

The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production is called:

relations of production

What term refers to a specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature?

Mode of production correct

The internal explanation, the external explanation, and the cultural explanation are the three basic approaches used by anthropologists to better understand cross-cultural differences in behaviors of consumption.

True

Because the capitalist endeavor increases the economic sustainability of most countries, it has little to no negative moral, political, or cultural implications.

False

According to Marshall Sahlins, producing much and desiring little is a route to affluence.

True

Today the anthropology of food and nutrition is concerned with the way the global capitalist food market works.

True

According to their own cultural logic, foraging societies are affluent - they have enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs.

True

The bulk of Carole Counihan's data on food and nutrition in Tuscany came from

food-centered life histories from individuals from different generations. correct

All of these are characteristics of culture except that ______.

it is stagnant

Human culture did not emerge all at once but evolved over time as humans evolved.

true

Culture is learned, shared, and symbolic.

True

According to Clifford Geertz, the different cultural meanings attributable to a 'wink' and a 'blink' are evidence of the _______ nature of culture.

ambiguos

Human beings who struggle to gain some control over their lives are exercising a kind of _________.

agency

An approach that views human beings and environments as open systems that modify each other is called

coevolutionary.

The holistic perspective assumes that mind and body, individuals and society, and individuals and the environment interpenetrate and even define one another.

True

Believing that British people drive on the wrong side of the street is an example of ________.

ethnocentrism

Hoyt Alverson discovered that the Tswana people he talked to in Botswana and the U.S. Peace Corps volunteers he interviewed differed with regard to

the meaning of being alone.

Cultural relativism forces anthropologists to approve or excuse unfamiliar cultural practices that are morally troubling

False

Understanding female circumcision as a significant rite of passage for women as opposed to a kind of mutilation is an example of _________.

cultural relativism

The anthropological definition of cultural relativism requires that we make an effort to __________ the practices of other cultures.

understand

Gender roles

The roles, activities, and characteristics that a culture assigns to each sex.

Androgyny

A condition in which an individual person possesses both male and female characteristics.

Gender identity

Individuals' own sense of themselves based on such features of culturally informed notions of 'masculinity' and 'femininity'.

Heteronormativity

The view that heterosexual intercourse is (and should be) the 'normal' form that human sexual expression always takes.

Gender

A culturally shaped role for each sex in a given society.

Gender definition by anthropologists

The culturally constructed roles assigned to males or females, which varied considerably from society to society.

Public/private divide

A barrier that law and custom erected between 'private' domestic life in the family and public life outside the family.

Cultural features of gender identity

Shaped by historical, economic, political, and sociocultural settings.

Masculinity

The cultural expectations and roles associated with being male.

Femininity

The cultural expectations and roles associated with being female.

Gender bias

Prejudice or discrimination based on gender.

Sex

Biological differences between males and females.

Sexual orientation

A person's emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others.

Gender performativity

The concept that gender is constructed through repeated social performances.

Heterosexism

The belief that heterosexuality is the only valid sexual orientation.

Male dominance

A social structure where men hold primary power.

Cultural thinking

The ways in which culture influences perceptions and behaviors.