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satellite
once an artificial satellite is in orbit, its behaviour is not different from that of a natural satellite, such as the Moon
if a satellite is high enough to be free of atmospheric friction, it will remain in orbit forever
at orbital speed of 87km/s, satellites orbit the Earth in around 90 minutes
circular satellite velocity
speed required to launch an object into space so that the object falls around Earth in a complete circle
8km/s
escape speed
the speed needed to move away from Earth forever
approx. 11 km/s
after an object (e.g. spacecraft) leaves Earth, they are subject only to minor trajectory adjustments provided by small thruster rockets on board
interplanetary spacecraft
after an object (e.g. spacecraft) leaves Earth, they are subject only to minor trajectory adjustments provided by small thruster rockets on board
in interplanetary flight, these spacecraft follow orbits around the Sun that are modified only when they pass near one of the planets
as it comes close to target, a spacecraft is deflected by the planet’s gravitational force inot a modified orbit, either losing or gaining energy in the process
If we wish to orbit a planet, we must slow the spacecraft with a rocket when the spacecraft is near its destination, allowing it to be captured into an elliptical orbit
Additional rocket thrust is required to bring a vehicle down from orbit for a landing on the surface
if a return trip to Earth is planned, the landed payload must include enough propulsive power to repeat the entire process in reverse
perturbations
disturbances
