ATP, water, inorganic ions

ATP

molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes. It is known as the cell’s immediate energy source.

ATP hydrolase

an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown (hydrolysis) of ATP to release energy.

ATP synthase

enzyme that synthesises ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) using energy from a proton (H⁺) gradient.

inorganic phosphate ion

a free phosphate ion that combines with ADP to form ATP or is released when ATP is broken down

Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, such as when ADP gains an inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP.

Polarity

uneven distribution of electrical charge within a molecule, giving it a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end

Metabolite

substance that is produced or used during the chemical reactions (metabolism) of a cell or organis

Solvent

a liquid that dissolves solutes and allows chemical reactions to occur.

Ionic bond

the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

Dissolve

Dissolve is the process where a solute breaks apart and becomes evenly distributed throughout a solve

Latent heat of vaporisation

Latent heat of vaporisation is the energy needed to convert a liquid into a vapour by breaking the forces between its molecule

Buffer

chemical system that helps maintain a stable pH by absorbing excess hydrogen ions (H⁺) or hydroxide ions (OH⁻).

Specific heat capacity

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C (or 1 K)

Cohesion

the tendency of molecules of the same type to stick together due to attractive forces between them.