Endocrine Lab Quiz

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADH

antidiuretic hormone

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone

GH

growth hormone

LH

luitinezing hormone

PRL

prolactin

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone

T3 T4

triiodothyronine

thyroxine

Epi

epinephrine/adrenaline

PTH

parathyroid hormone

ANP

atrial neturetic peptide

Gland/target,

release/inhibition mechanisms

ACTH

anterior pituitary

adrenal cortex

stimulated by CRH+

Released by feedback inhibitors exerted by glucocorticoids

ACTH

effect

impact on body

tropic?

promotes release of glucocortoids and gonadocorticoids that help body resist stressors

not tropic

Gland/target

release/inhibition mechanisms

aldosterone

adrenal gland

kidneys

stimulated by: low blood volume/Na+/low BP

INHIBITYED BY: ANP, dopamine, high sodium

aldosterone

effects

tropic?

increase Na+ and H2O reabsorption, increase blood volume and BP

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulated by

epinephrine

adrenal medulla

heart, liver, blood vessels, lungs

stimulatyed by: stress/fight or flight

epinephrine

effects

tropic hormone

increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose

not a tropic hormone

Gland/target

stimulated/inhibited by

FSH

anterior pituitary

ovaries./testes

stimulated by: GnRH+

inhibited by: estrogen/testosterone

FSH

effect

tropic hormone?

follicle maturation, sperm/estrogen production

tropic hormone

Gland/target

stimulated/inhibited by

ADH

posterior pituitary gland

kidneys

stimulated by: increased blood solute concentration, low blood volume, pain

inhibited by: adequate hydration, alcohol

ADH

effect

tropic?

kidneys

stimulate kidney cells to reabsorb water back into blood, reducing urine output

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulated/inhibited by

calcitonin

thyroid gland

bone

stimulated by: high calcium levels in blood

inhibited by: low blood calcium levels

calcitonin

effects
tropic hormone

lowers Ca and phosphate levels in the blood

no role in humans

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulated/inhibited by

glucagon

pancreas

liver/adipose tissue

stimulated by: drop in blood glucose levels

inhibited by: high blood glucose

glucagon

effects

tropic hormone?

increase blood glucose levels, breakdown glycogen to glucose

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulayted by

ANP

heart

kidney, blood vessels, adrenal, glands

stimulated by: atrial stretch

ANP

effects

tropic hormone?

decrease blood pressure and volume

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulated/inhibited by:

PTH

parathyroid gland

bones/kidneys

stimulated by: low blood calcium levels

inhibited by: high levels of iondized calcium and active vit D

PTH

effects

tropic

increase blood calcium, convert vit D to calcitol

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulated/inhibited by

GH

anterior pituitary gland

liver, muscle, bone, cartilage

stimulated by: GHRH+ release, deep sleep, low blood glucose, exercise

GH

effect

tropic?

liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, tissue

direct impact on metabolism and growth, mobilize fats for energy needs, increase blood glucose, increase cellular uptake of amino acids, stimulates cell divison

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulated by

insulin

pancreas

most cells

stimulated by: elevated blood glucose levels

insulin

effects

tropic hormone

removes glucose from bloodstream, regulated metabolism

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulated/inhibited by

LH

anterior pituiaary gland

ovaries/testes

stimulatyed by: GnRH+

inhibited by: estrogens/progesterone/testosterone

LH

effects

tropic?

menstral cycle - ovulation

testosterone production

yes tropic

Gland/target

simulated/inhibited by

oxytocin

posterior pituitary gland

uterus/mammary glands

stimulated: stretching of uterine cervix, infant sucking breast

inhibited by: stress, lack of appropiate stimuli

oxytocin

effects

tropic hormone?

stimulates uterine contrcations, initiates labor and milk ejection

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulayed/inhibiyted by:

PRL

anterior pituitary gland

mammary glands

stimulatyed by: decrease in dopamine blocking drugs, estrogen, sucking on breast

inhibited by: dopamine

PRL

effects

tropic hormone?

stimulate milk production and maternal behavior

NOT TROPIC

Gland/target

stimulated/inhibited by

TSH

anterior pituitary

thyroid gland

stimulqated by: TRH+, cold temperature

TSH

effect

tropic hormone?

strimulates T3/T4 secretion

yes tropic

Gland/target

stimulated by

T3 T4

thyroid gland

most body cells

stimulated by TSH

T3 T3

effects

tropic hormone?

regulate tissue growth/development

increase BMR

not tropic

Gland/target

stimulayed

cortisol

adrenal cortex

most body cells

stimulated by: stress, body clock, bodys needs

cortisol

effects

tropic?

increase blood glucose and protein/fat metabolism

not tropic

what kind of cell

pituitary

1 - anterior pituitary

2- posterior pituitary

a - thyroid gland

1 - follicles/colloid filled follicles

2- follicular cells

1- parafollicular cells

2- c cell

3- colloid

4- follicular cells

1- thyroid

2 -parathyroid gland

pancreas gland

2 - acinar cells

1- islet cells (islet of langerhans)

adrenal gland

1 - zona glomerulosa

2- zona fasciculata

3- zona reticularis

4 - medulla

posterior pituitary gland

anterior pituitary gland

1 - zona glomerulosa

2- zona fasciculata

3- zona reticularis

4 - medulla

ANP

atrial natriuretic peptides.

gland/target ANP

heart

basic roles of the endocrine system

1. reproduction

2. growth/development

3. chemical/fluid balance of the body

4. cellular metabolism

5. mobilization of body defense

1. pineal gland

2. hypothalamus

3. pituitary gland

4. thyroid gland

5. parathyroid glands

6. thymus

7. adrenal glands

8. pancreas

   1. gonads - ovaries/testis

nervous system vs endocrine system

1. Electrical impulses - # of action potential relates to signal strength

 2. Rapid response – short duration

3. Targets specific locations – need neuro cells

nervous system vs endocrine system

1. Chemical messengers – concentration of hormones relates to signal strength

   2. Response time : seconds to minutes – long

3. Targets anywhere blood goes – can affect any system or cell

target tissue

respond to electrical/chemical signals

cells with receptor that specifically respond to particular ligands

receptor

specialzed molecule/structure that detects a signal and allows a cell to respond to it

receptor specificity

specific protein in/on cell that a particular hormone can bind to

cell responds to hormone ONLY IF it has matching receptor

hormones

chemical messengers

go into extracellulae fluids and travel to target cells

paracrines

chemical messengers

basically hormones but dont travel into bloodstream

act locally within the secreting tissue

autocrines

chemical messengers

exert effects on the same cells that secrete them

target cells

• must have receptors for hormones

  • activation depends on blood level of hormone, receptor #, affinity

receptor activation depends on

• blood level of hormone

• receptor # on target cell

• affinioty between hormone and receptor

AFFINITY

how well recwptors and hormones fit together

different chemical classes of hormones

amino acid derivatives

peptide hormones

lipid derivatives

amino acid based hormones

water soluable

cannot cross plasma membrane

cellular response to hormones

enzymes activate/deactivate

induce cellular secretion

stimulate mitosis (GH)

steroid hormones

synthesized from cholesterol

lipid soluable

can cross plasma membrane

amino acid/peptide hormone communication with cells

via second messenger systems

water soluable hormones

lipid soluable hormones communication with cells

via direct effect on transcription

hormones diffuse through cell membrane

bind to intracellular receptors

humoral stimulus

blood levles of certain ions/nutuirents stimulate endocrine gland to release hormone

ex. insulin released in response to increase of blood glucose

neural stimulus

nerve fibers directly stimulate endocrine glanbd

modify release as needed due to stress/neural stimuli

ex. response to stress: sympathetic nervous system stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine

hormonal stimulus

hormone from one source stimulate another endocrine gland

ex. releasing/inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus regulate seccretion of most hormones of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland

tropic hormone

hormone from one source stimulates another endocrine gland to release

negative feedback

internal/external stimulus triggers hormone secretion. as hormone levels rise, causes effect on target organ

ex. insulin regulation. when blood glucose levels rise, pancreas secretes insulin which facilitates glucose uptake by cells

positive feedback

amplifies physiolgical change until a specific endpoint is reached.

ex. oxytocin secretion is amplified by uterine contrcations which in turn promotoe more contractions

what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce

ACTH

FSH

GH

LH

PRL

TSH

what hormones does the posterior pituitary gland/hypothalamus produce

ADH

oxytosin

what hormones does the adrenal cortex gland produce

aldostrone

cortisol

what hormones does the adrenal medulla produce

epinephrine

what hormones does the throid gland produce

calcitonin '

T3/T4

what hormones does the pancreas produce

glucagon

insulin

what hormones does the parathyroid gland produce

PTH

what hormones do the gonads produce

estrogen

progesterone

androgens

testosterone

diabetes mellitus Type 1

young onset age

no production of insulin

high levels of blood glucose in body

diabetes type 2

adult onset

receptors do not respond to insulin produced

cells get tired of responding to the overproduction of insulin

diabetes insipidus

endocrine disorder

large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst

happens when body cant balance its fluid levels

gigantism

excessive growth/height significantly above average

excessive amount of growth hormone

pituitary dwarfism

lack of growth hormone

slow growth and short stature with normal body proportions

hyperthyroidism

too much thyroid hormone

antibodies mimic TSH to make more T3/T4

elevated metabolism and weight loss

graves disease

hypothyroidism

too little thyroid hormone

infants: die very early

adults: lethargic, intolerance to cold, gain weight easily

cushing disease

excess ACTH

usually caused by beneign tumor in pituitary gland

lipids redistrubuted, increased Na/H2O retention, muscle weakness