US History
AP United States History
Unit 1: Period 1: 1491–1607
Societies of the Southwest
Great Plains
Pueblo
Great Basin
Algonquian People
Iroquois Great League of Peace
Chinook People of the Pacific Northwest
The Crusades and the Revival of Trade
The Black Death
Impact of the Renaissance
Protestant Reformation
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Columbian Exchange
Conquest
Revolution in Navigation
Joint-stock Company
Portugal and Spain Lead the Way
Conquistadores
Defeat of Native Peoples
Columbian Exchange
Silver and the Encomienda System
Slave Trade
Casta System
Cultural Misunderstandings
Native American Resistance in Spain's New World Colonies
Acoma Pueblo People
Debates over Spainʼs Actions in the New World
The Development of the Belief in White Superiority
Maize cultivation
This became important for the peoples of the Southwest, spreading from present-day Mexico across much of North America.
Four Corners
Ancestral Pueblo culture developed around 900 AD in the ____ region of the Southwest.
Anasazi
aka Early Pueblos, became increasingly dependent on maize cultivation, leading to the development of complex societies and architecturally sophisticated structures.
Great Basin
A 400,000-square-mile area between Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Shoshone, Paiute, Ute
Three large groupings of native peoples of the Great basin
Plains Indians
They are the most commonly stereotyped native groups in American popular culture
Algonquian People
comprised of hundreds of American Indian tribes along the east coast and in the interior of the present-day United States.
Iroquois Great League of Peace
Was formed in present-day New York state, comprising the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, and later the Tuscaroras joined in 1720.
Iroquois Great League of Peace
Formed to end infighting among the groups and became one of the most powerful forces in the pre-contact Northeast.
Corns, beans, squash
The Three Sister Crops
Chinook People
People lived in the Pacific Northwest along the Columbia River. Practiced foraging, hunting, and fishing as their main sources of livelihood.
Crusades
eries of religious wars in the 12th and 13th centuries with the goal of securing Christian control of the Holy Land, which shook the stability of European feudal society and increased European interest in foreign trade goods.
Black Death
A pandemic outbreak of bubonic plague in the 14th century. Reduced the European population by 30 to 60 percent
Johannes Gutenberg
he developed the printing press i the 1440s.
Protestant Reformation
Led by theologians Martin Luther and John Calvin. They broke with the Roman Catholic Church over church practices and beliefs.
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Focused on renewing spirituality and gave rise to the Jesuits
Jesuits
a Catholic order devoted to spreading their gospel throughout the world.
Columbian Exchange
This exchange brought turkeys, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cacao, and tomatoes, which revolutionized agricultural and culinary traditions in Europe.
Syphilis
This was also brought back to Europe as a result of sexual encounters in the New World, during the Columbian Exchange.
caravels
Portugal's maneuverable and sturdy ships called ______ were popular for exploration
Joint-stock Company
Shareholders control part of the company in proportion to the number of shares they own. Risks were spread out among multiple investors
Limited liability
It is a key advantage of the joint-stock company, where shareholders can only be held liable for the face value of their shareholding.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portugal searched for new trade routes to Asia, with the help of _______, and successfully rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India and China by sea.
Bartolomeu Dias
He sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
Vasco da Gama
He sailed and reached India by 1498.
Christopher Columbus
Spanish monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, funded ______'s voyage west across the Atlantic.
Niña, Pinta, and Santa María
Columbusʼs three ships, set sail in 1492 and, six weeks later, reached San Salvador.
Treaty of Tordesillas
The _____ in 1494 settled competing claims between Spain and Portugal to the newly explored lands outside of Europe, with Portugal granted lands to the east of a longitudinal line and Spain granted the rest of the Americas.
Ponce de León
He sailed and reached Florida in 1513.
St. Augustine, Florida
Spaniards later established the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States, at _____ (1585).
Mexica / Aztecs
Defeat of ______ was one of the brutal episodes of violence, led by Hernán Cortés.
Hernán Cortés
He led the conquest and defeated the Aztecs/Mexica.
Montezuma
Leader of the Aztecs when Cortes invaded the native.
Incas
The ______ of South America were defeated by a Spanish expedition led by Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro
The Incas of South America were defeated by a Spanish expedition led by ______.
Columbian Exchange
This brought useful products and crops to the New World, including sugar, wheat, and bananas, as well as domestic livestock and horses, which transformed many native cultures.
Encomienda
required sending a percentage of gold and silver to the monarchy. The system led to brutal exploitation
Repartimiento
These reforms were issued by the Crown in 1549 for better governance. Treatment of native peoples did not improve significantly
Maroons
They were Africans who escaped slavery in the New World and formed independent communities
Palmares
A significant Maroon community, was established in Brazil in the early 1600s and had more than 30,000 residents
Arawak Indians
Maroons in Jamaica joined communities of _____ and over time, came to control large areas of the Jamaican interior.
casta
Intermarriage was common, leading to a variety of mixed race people called ____.
peninsulares and creoles
Casta system included ______ at the top.
mestizos
Casta system included ______ in the middle.
mulattos, American Indians, and Africans
Casta system included ______ at the bottom.
Juan de Oñate
The Spanish, led by _____, responded by killing over 800 Acoma people, when they were attacked by the pueblo from New Mexico.
pure blood
The idea of "___" superiority shaped Spanish understanding of race in the New World
Miscegenation
This led to the creation of an elaborate hierarchy of racial classes, where one's degree of "pure blood" determined their place
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies
Priest Bartolomé de Las Casas criticized Spanish actions in his book "_________". It chronicled atrocities against native peoples in the New World
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
a Spanish theologian, defended Spanish treatment of native peoples and argued they were "natural slaves" who could only perform manual labor