TB243EA: Analysis of Industrial Systems Course Manual | Quizlet

What is the first step in the technical breakdown of a production process?

From Site/Plot to Process.

What is the final step in the technical breakdown of a production process?

From unit operation to Equipment and Connectors.

What are the three types of diagrams for representing processes?

Block Flow Diagram (BFD), Process Flow Diagram (PFD), Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID).

What are the types of unit operations?

Transport, Storage, Adjustment of physical parameters, Combining/Mixing, Separation, Chemical conversion.

What is the purpose of the augmented incidence matrix, 𝑴𝒂𝒖𝒈?

It is used for formal descriptions in the analysis of systems.

What is the incidence matrix, 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒄?

It is a mathematical representation used in network analysis.

What does the adjacency matrix, 𝑴𝒂𝒅𝒋 represent?

It represents connections between nodes in a graph.

What is the closed adjacency matrix, 𝑨?

It is a matrix that includes all paths in a graph, including loops.

What are the influent characteristics in wastewater treatment?

They refer to the properties and composition of wastewater entering treatment facilities.

What is treated water (effluent)?

It is the water that has undergone treatment and is released from wastewater treatment plants.

What are wastewater treatment plants (WWTP)?

Facilities designed to treat wastewater before it is released into the environment.

What is the primary treatment in wastewater treatment?

Mechanical pre-treatment that removes large solids from influent.

What is biological treatment in wastewater treatment?

Secondary treatment that uses microorganisms to break down organic matter.

What is tertiary treatment in wastewater treatment?

Advanced treatment processes that further purify effluent.

What is quaternary treatment in wastewater treatment?

An additional treatment step that may include advanced filtration or disinfection.

What is sludge treatment?

The process of managing and treating the solid byproducts of wastewater treatment.

What is air cleaning in wastewater treatment?

Processes that remove contaminants from the air in treatment facilities.

What are the sources for drinking-water?

Groundwater, surface water, and sea water.

What is groundwater?

Water located beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and fractures.

What is surface water?

Water that collects on the surface of the ground, such as rivers and lakes.

What is drinking-water quality?

The standards and criteria that drinking water must meet to be safe for consumption.

What is the process of aeration in drinking-water preparation?

Introducing air into water to remove dissolved gases and improve quality.

What is filtration in drinking-water preparation?

The process of removing particles and contaminants from water using filters.

What is softening in drinking-water preparation?

The process of removing hardness-causing minerals from water.

What is activated carbon filtration?

A method of filtering water using activated carbon to remove impurities and odors.

What is UV disinfection in drinking-water preparation?

A method that uses ultraviolet light to kill or inactivate harmful microorganisms.

What is coagulation and flocculation in drinking-water preparation?

Processes that involve adding chemicals to water to form clumps of particles for easier removal.

What is settling in drinking-water preparation?

The process where particles settle to the bottom of a container, allowing clearer water to be drawn off.

What is the process of preparing drinking water from seawater called?

Membrane purification.

What are the properties of crude oil?

API Gravity, Watson Characterization Factor, Sulphur content, Boiling point curve, Viscosity, Flash point and auto-ignition temperature, Flow point.

What does API Gravity measure?

API Density.

What is the Watson Characterization Factor used for?

Characterizing crude oil properties.

What is the significance of sulphur content in crude oil?

It affects the quality and environmental impact of the oil.

What does the boiling point curve indicate in crude oil properties?

The range of temperatures at which different components of crude oil boil.

What does viscosity refer to in the context of crude oil?

The thickness or resistance to flow of the oil.

What are flash point and auto-ignition temperature important for?

They indicate the safety and handling characteristics of crude oil.

What is the key function of a refinery

To process crude oil into usable products.

What types of refineries

Topping refinery and Hydroskimming refinery.

What is the purpose of a distillation tower in a refinery?

To separate different components of crude oil based on boiling points.

What is the role of a naphtha stabilizer?

To stabilize naphtha during the refining process.

What does a hydrotreater do in a refinery?

It removes impurities from petroleum products.

What is the function of a catalytic reformer?

To convert naphtha into high-octane gasoline.

What is the gasoline blending unit used for?

To mix various components to produce gasoline.

What is the purpose of kerosene and diesel desulphurization?

To reduce sulphur content in kerosene and diesel fuels.

What is the Integrated Cracking/Coking refinery

A refinery that combines cracking and coking processes to maximize product yield.

What is high vacuum distillation used for?

To separate heavier fractions of crude oil under low pressure.

What are conversion technologies in refining?

Processes used to change the composition of crude oil into desired products.

What does liquid-liquid equilibrium refer to?

The balance between two immiscible liquid phases.

What are Raoult's and Dalton's Law related to?

Describing the behavior of vapor pressures in mixtures.

What is (petro)chemistry?

(Petro)chemistry is the study of the chemical processes and reactions involved in the production and transformation of petroleum and its derivatives.

What is the purpose of a distillation column?

A distillation column is used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points of components.

What is located at the top of the distillation column?

The top of the column typically contains the condenser, where vapor is cooled and condensed back into liquid.

What is the function of the feeding tray in a distillation column?

The feeding tray is where the feed mixture is introduced into the column for separation.

What is the significance of the bottom of the distillation column?

The bottom of the column collects the heavier components that have lower volatility.

What are the major types of organic chemical reactions?

substitution, addition, condensation, elimination, isomerization, and radical polymerization.

What are alkanes?

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms.

What are alkenes?

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

What are alkynes?

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

What are aromatics?

Aromatics are compounds that contain one or more aromatic rings, characterized by their stability and unique bonding.

What is the heart of a petrochemical cluster?

The steam cracker is considered the heart of a petrochemical cluster, as it converts hydrocarbons into smaller molecules.

What are parallel reactions?

Parallel reactions are multiple reactions that occur simultaneously, leading to different products from the same reactants.

What factors influence reaction rates?

concentration, temperature, surface area, and the presence of catalysts.

What is mass balance in the context of chemical reactions?

Mass balance refers to the principle that mass is conserved in a closed system, where the mass entering equals the mass leaving.

What is mol balance in reactors?

Mol balance refers to the conservation of moles of reactants and products in a chemical reactor.

What is the first tray under the top of the distillation column used for?

The first tray under the top is used to collect the condensed vapor and separate lighter components.

What is the significance of determining the number of trays in a distillation column?

Determining the number of trays is essential for optimizing separation efficiency and achieving desired product purity.

What is the role of steam in a steam cracker?

Steam is used in a steam cracker to facilitate the cracking process by providing heat and preventing coking.

What are basic chains in petrochemistry?

Basic chains refer to the linear or branched structures of hydrocarbons that form the foundation of more complex molecules.

What are organic chemical reactions?

Organic chemical reactions involve the transformation of organic compounds through various mechanisms, resulting in new products.

What is a Batch Reactor?

A type of reactor where reactants are added, mixed, and allowed to react for a specific period before products are removed.

What does CSTR stand for?

Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor, a reactor where the contents are continuously stirred and fed with reactants.

What is a PFR?

Plug Flow Reactor, a type of reactor where reactants flow through a cylindrical pipe and react as they move.

Why is process control important?

It ensures the stability and efficiency of industrial processes, maintaining product quality and safety.

What are the main components of a control system?

Sensor, Controller, and Actuator.

What is the function of a sensor in a control system?

To measure process variables and provide feedback to the controller.

What role does a controller play in a control system?

It processes the information from the sensor and determines the necessary actions to maintain the desired output.

What is the purpose of an actuator in a control system?

To implement the control actions determined by the controller.

What are feedback and feedforward control loops?

Feedback control loops adjust the process based on output measurements, while feedforward control anticipates changes and adjusts inputs accordingly.

What is the significance of agro-industry?

It encompasses the processes that transform agricultural products into food, biofuels, and other biobased products.

What does 'From Farm to Biobased Economy' refer to?

The transition from traditional agriculture to a system that emphasizes the production of renewable biological resources.

What is agrification?

The process of integrating agricultural practices into non-agricultural sectors.

What is involved in sugar refining?

It includes processes such as harvesting, washing, cutting, extraction, coagulation, filtration, concentration, crystallization, centrifugation, drying, and storage.

What is the product chain in sugar refining?

The sequence of processes that sugar undergoes from raw material to final product.

What are the steps involved in harvesting sugar?

The collection of sugar crops from the field.

What is the purpose of washing in sugar refining?

To remove impurities from the harvested sugar crops.

What is the role of cutting in sugar processing?

To prepare the sugar crops for extraction by breaking them down into smaller pieces.

What does extraction mean in the context of sugar refining?

The process of separating sugar from the plant material.

What is coagulation in sugar refining?

The process of forming solid particles from a liquid solution.

What is the function of filtration in sugar processing?

To separate solid impurities from the liquid sugar solution.

What does concentration and crystallization involve in sugar refining?

The process of increasing the sugar concentration and forming sugar crystals.

What is centrifugation used for in sugar processing?

To separate sugar crystals from the molasses.

What is the final step in sugar refining?

Drying and storage of the refined sugar.

What is a by-product in sugar refining?

Secondary products generated during the sugar refining process, often used for other purposes.

What is feedstock in the context of biodiesel?

Raw materials used to produce biodiesel, such as vegetable oils or animal fats.

What is the primary focus of the course on industrial production processes in the Netherlands?

The course focuses on the technical production processes and interconnections within industrial production chains, from raw material to final product.

What are process units treated as in the course's analysis?

Process units are treated as black boxes, where inputs and outputs are described using simple mathematical models without detailing internal mechanisms.

What is a process flow diagram (PFD)?

A PFD is an aggregation of process units that illustrates the flow of materials and energy through a production system.

What case studies will be closely examined in the course?

Methanol production (a continuous process) and beer brewing (a batch process) will be closely examined as case studies.

What essential industrial equipment will be studied in this course?

The course will study settlers, distillation columns, batch reactors, continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs), continuous tube reactors, and ion exchangers.

What is the significance of energy and thermodynamics in this course?

While energy and thermodynamics are crucial to industrial processes, they are not the primary focus of this course, as they have been covered in previous courses.