01 The Human Body

Anatomy

The form and structure of body (to cut apart)

Physiology

Function of the body

Microscopic

Have to be examined under the microscope

Macroscopic (Gross)

Can be seen without having to use a microscope

Living Things

Organization, Metabolism, Growth and development, Responsiveness, Regulation/adaptation, Reproduction

Levels of Organization

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ System

6. Organismal

Tissue

Groups of Similar cells performing common functions

4 Types of Tissues

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Section

Actual cut or slice of the body

Plane

Imaginary flat surface passing through body

Coronal (frontal) Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior

Transverse (cross-sectional) Plane

Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior

Midsagittal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves

Sagittal Plane

Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions

Oblique Plane

Passes through structure at an angle

Dorsal

At the back side of the human body

Ventral

At the belly side of the human body

Superior

Closer to the head

Inferior

Closer to the feet

Cranial (Cephalic)

At the head end

Caudal

At the rear end

Rostral

Toward the nose or mouth

Medial

Toward the mid-line of the body

Lateral

Away from Mid-line

Deep

On the inside

Superficial

On the outside

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment

Distal

Further away from point of attachment

Axial Region

Head, neck, truck

Appendicular Region

Upper and lower limbs

Posterior Aspect

toward back side of body

Cranial cavity (endocranium)

Brain

Vertebral canal

Spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

Large space located at the anterior of body

Parietal Layer

Outer layer of double-layered membrane

Visceral layer

Covers external surface of organs

Serous Cavity

Space between membranes

Serous fluid

Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane

Mediastinum

Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, major blood vessels that connect to the heart

Pericardium

2 layered serous membrane surrounding the heart

Parietal pericardium

Outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart

Visceral Pericardium

Forms the heart’s external surface

Pericardial cavity

Space between parietal and visceral layers (heart)

Pleura

Associated with Lungs

Parietal Pleura

Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall

Visceral Pleura

Inner Layer covers external surface of lungs

Pleural Cavity

Space between parietal and visceral (lungs)

Abdominal cavity

Most of digestive organs, kidneys, most of ureters

Pelvic Cavity

Distal part of Large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs.

Parietal Peritoneum

Outer layer, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Visceral peritoneum

Inner layer, covers the external surface of the most pelvic organs

Peritoneal Cavity

Potential space between parietal and visceral layers (abdomen)

homeostatis

maintain consistent internal environment

Homeostatic systems

Receptor, Control center, Effector

Receptor

Detects changes in a variable

Control Center

interprets input from receptor and initiates changes through effector

Effector

Structure that brings about changes to alter the stimulus

Parasagittal

unequal cut