Bio D170 Lab Practical 2

Interventricular Septum

separates ventricles

Gray Matter

Dendrites, short unmyelinated, neuroglia

White Matter

-surrounds gray matter

-myelinated axons + neuroglia; NO cell bodies

Longitudinal Fissure

separates left and right hemispheres

Transverse Fissure

-separates cerebrum from cerebellum

-caudal/inferior to occipital lobe

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

Lateral Sulcus

separates the parietal and temporal lobes

Central Sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Precentral Gyrus

-in front of central sulcus

-lies on frontal lobe

Postcentral Gyrus

-behind central sulcus

-part of parietal lobe

Olfactory Bulb (I)

-above the nasal cavity

-beneath the frontal lobes

Optic Nerve (brain, II)

-carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

-inferior to olfactory bulb

-originates from forebrain

Optic Chiasm

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

Cerebellum

between brainstem and cerebrum

Brainstem

-midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

-caudal to cerebellum

-rostral to spinal cord

Corpora Quadrigemina (sheep)

dorsal midbrain

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

connects cerebellum to pons

Midbrain

-topmost brainstem

-connects cerebrum with spinal cord

-rostral to pons and thalamus

Hypothalamus

below the thalamus

Thalamus

-below third ventricle

Corpus Callosum

-joins both hemispheres

Third Ventricle

-diencephalon

-inferior/dorsal/caudal to corpus callosum

Arbor Vitae

white matter of the cerebellum

Lateral Ventricle

inferior to rostral end of corpus callosum

Oculomotor (III)

-eye movement

-inferior to optic, medioanterior to trochlear

-midbrain

Trochlear (IV)

-motor, eye movement

-posteriolateral to oculomotor

-midbrain

Trigeminal (V)

-head sensation

-posteriorlateral to trochlear

-pons

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

-taste and swallowing

-medulla

-most rostral, rostral to vagus

Vagus Nerve (X)

-parasympathetic innveration

-medulla

-caudal to glossopharyngeal

Hypoglossal (XII)

-tongue movement

-below the glossopharyngeal

Conus Medullaris

-end of spinal cord

-L1, L2

Cauda Equina

-"horse's tail", a fan of nerve fibers below the spinal cord

-inferior to conus medullaris

Filum Terminale

-anchors spinal cord to coccyx

-end of cauda equina

Spinal Dural Sheath

-Tough dura mater of the spinal cord

-Does not attach to surrounding bone

Cervical Nerves (8)

-corresponding nerve is above vertebrae

-eg) nerve c3 is below vertebrae c2

-nerve c1 above vertebrae c1

Thoracic Nerves (12)

-corresponding nerve is below the vertebrae

-eg) nerve T10 is below vertebrae T10

Lumbar Nerves (5)

same naming convention as thoracic

Sacral Nerves (5)

same naming convention as thoracic

Coccyx Nerve (1 group)

-1 nerve

-butt

Optic Nerve (innervation)

-posterior of eyeball

-innervates eye

-originates from retina

-passes through optic canal

Vagus Nerve (innervation)

-originates from medulla

-passes through jugular foramen, through much of the upper thorax

Phrenic Nerve (innervation)

-C3-C5

-Cervical plexus

-Innervates diaphragm, sensory

Ulnar Nerve (innervation)

-C8-T1

-Brachial plexus

-innervates medial hand skin

Obturator Nerve (innervation)

-L2-L4

-Lumbar plexus

-innervates inner thigh adductor medially

Tibial Nerve

-L4-S3

-Sacral Plexus

-runs through posterior lower limb towards ankle

-innervates posterior lower limb, sole of foot

Foliate Papillae

side of tongue

Vallate Papillae

-largest taste buds

-back of tongue, form V

Fungiform Papillae

knoblike projections on apical tongue surface

Olfactory Tract

connects olfactory bulb to brain

Olfactory Nerve Filaments

connect olfactory sensory neurons to the bulb

Olfactory Sensory Neurons

receptors for smell

Olfactory Sensory Neurons

receptors for smell

Olfactory Cilia (hairs)

roof of nasal cavity

Lacrimal Caruncle

located on the medial commissure - produces oily secretion

Eyelashes

trigger reflex blinking

Eyelids

protect eyes

Tarsal Glands

-lubricate eyes

-secrete lipids for tears

Conjunctiva

-mucus membrane lining eyelids

-keeps eyes wet

Lacrimal Apparatus

system of glands, sacs, ducts, that make new tears and drains lacrimal fluid

Lacrimal Gland

-produces mucus lacrimal fluid

-superolateral orbit of eye

Lacrimal Punctum

-opening, drains fluid

-medial angle of eye, medial to caruncle

Superior Oblique Muscle

Down and out

Inferior Oblique Muscle

Up and out

Superior Rectus Muscle

Up and in

Inferior Rectus Muscle

Down and in

Vitreous Humor

-jellylike substance

-behind the lens in the posterior cavity

Retina

-deep to choroid and sclera

-superficial to vitreous humor

Sclera

-outermost protective layer of eye

-white tissue

Choroid

-middle vascular layer

-deep to sclera

-superficial to retina

Tapetum Lucidum

-Iridescent layer in posterior wall

-found in nocturnal animals

Ciliary Body

ring of tissue around iris

Cornea

-transparent outer covering of the eye

-covers iris and pupil

Lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Iris

Colored part of the eye

Pupil

opening in the center of the iris

Fibrous Pericardium

tough white outer layer of heart

Parietal Serous Pericardium

-lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

-deep to fibrous layer, superficial to visceral layer

Visceral Serous Pericardium

-covers the heart itself

-deep to parietal layer

Epicardial Adipose Tissue

adipose upon surface of myocardium

Pectinate Muscles

ridges, lines internal ATRIAL walls

Papillary Muscles

-ventricles

-anchor chordae tendineae

Trabeculae Carneae

ridges, line internal VENTRICLES

Tricuspid Valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Aortic Valve

-semilunar

-separates LV from aorta

Pulmonary Valve

-semilunar

-separates RV from pulmonary trunk

Vena Cava

superior and inferior veins, feed O2 poor blood into RA

Pulmonary Veins

two pairs of veins, feed O2 rich blood into LA

Pulmonary Trunk

-carries blood from the RV to the lungs (pulmonary circuit)

-branches into pulmonary arteries

Aorta

carries blood from the LV to the systemic circuit

Right Coronary Artery

supplies the RA

Marginal Artery

-supplies lateral RV

-branches off RCA

Anterior Interventricular Artery

-lies upon interventricular sulcus

-supplies blood there + both ventricles

-branches off LCA

Left Coronary Artery

-supplies to LA, LV

-branches off circumflex artery

Circumflex Artery

-supplies left atrium and ventricle

-branches off LCA

Small Cardiac Vein

vein, travels along side the right marginal artery.

Great Cardiac Vein

-runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery

-originates from posterior/inferior side, coronary sinus

Coronary Sinus

-posterior aspect of heart

-feeds into LA

-connects to great cardiac vein

Posterior Interventricular Artery

-decends inferiorly to apex of heart

-supplies posterior ventricular walls

-branches off RCA

Middle Cardiac Vein

runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery