introduction major

Chemistry

The study of the composition and properties of matter and how it changes

6 Major Areas of Chemistry

Analytical, Inorganic, Organic, Biochemistry, Physical, & Nuclear Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter

inorganic chemistry

the study of substances that, in general, do not contain carbon

organic chemistry

the study of all chemicals containing carbon

Biochemistry

Chemistry of living things

physical chemistry

describes the behavior of chemicals, it also involves a lot of math

Nuclear Chemistry

the study of changes that occur in atomic nuclei

Pure Chemistry

the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake

Applied Chemistry

research directed toward a practical goal or application

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

Why study chemistry?

Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens.

Materials

Chemists design materials to fit specific needs in the world

(Materials) Such as:

perfume, ceramics, rubber, paints, non-stuck cooking utensils, & polyester fibers

Two different ways to look at the world:

Macroscopic & Microscopic

Energy

Chemists play an essential rorole in finding ways to conserve, produce, and store energy.

Alchemy

developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals

Two sides of Alchemy

practical and mystical

Practical

techniques for working with metal, glass, dyes, etc.

Mystical

concepts like perfection - gold was a perfect metal

History of Alchemy

it began in 1500s

King Charles ||

a supporter of science and one of the major drivers of such shift

Antoine Lavoisier

in 1700s, he played a major role in transforming chemistry from a science of observation, to the science of measurement

Antoine Lavoisier||

he also ended a long standing debate about burning, which was "In order to burn a thing, Oxygen is required"

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to solve problems

Problem

always in form of a question; the question we are trying to answer by doing the experiment

Observation

Information obtained through the senses.

hypotheses

a proposed explanation which is based on previous knowledge, it is an educated guess

experiment

a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis

Theory

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. It explain "why" it happened.

Scientific Law

A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions. It tells "what's" gonna happen

Steps of the Scientific Method

Identify problems, Form Hypothesis, Perform Experiment, Collect Data, Analyze Data, Form Conclusions

Observation two types

Qualitative - Quantitative

controlled experiment

designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

2 answer of Controlled experiment

hypothesis is right, or wrong

Variable

A factor that can change

Variable 2 types

Independent Variable & Dependent variable

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Theory (model)

a set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon

Natural Law (Scientific Law)

a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments

Law vs. Theory

A law summarizes WHAT happens; a theory is an attempt to explain WHY it happens

Collaboration / communication

it is when scientists share ideas which increases the likelihood of a successful outcome

problem solving in Chemistry

The process often requires one or more conversion factors to change a given unit to the needed unit.

Two General Steps of Effective Problem Solving:

Developing a plan, Implementing a plan

Solving Numeric Problems:

Measurement & Word Problems

Measurement chemistry

the important part of chemistry, thus many of our word problems involve use of mathematics

Word problems

are real life problems